1. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. Chapter 13 Balance of Payments, Developing-Country Debt, and the Macroeconomic Stabilization Controversy

2. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 13-2 The Balance of Payments Account General considerations: – Balance of Payments (BOP) – Current Account – Surplus and Deficit – Capital Account

3. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 13-3 Table 13.1 A Schematic Balance of Payments Account

4. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 13-4 The Balance of Payments Account General considerations (cont’d) – Cash Account or International Reserve Account – Three forms: Hard currency Gold Deposits with IMF

5. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 13-5 Table 13.2 Credits and Debits in the Balance of Payments Account

6. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 13-6 The Balance of Payments Account A hypothetical illustration: deficits and debts – Current Account – Capital Account

7. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 13-7 Table 13.3 A Hypothetical Balance of Payments Table for a Developing Nation

8. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 13-8 Table 13.4 Before and After the Debt Crisis

9. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 13-9 The Balance of Payments Account – A hypothetical illustration: deficits and debts (cont’d) Inflow Outflow Amortization

10. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 13-10 Financing and Reducing Payments Deficits Some initial policy issues – International reserves – Restrictive fiscal and monetary policies: Structural adjustment Stabilization policies – Special drawing rights (SDRs)

11. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 13-11 Table 13.5 Summary of LDC Payments Balances on Current Account, 1980– 2006 (billions of dollars)

12. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 13-12 The Debt Crisis of the 1980s Background and analysis – External debt – Debt service – Basic transfer

13. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 13-13 The Debt Crisis of the 1980s Net capital inflow, F N, is Whered is percent increase in total debt D is total debt r is the average interest rate Basic transfer, BT, is (13.1) (13.2)

14. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 13-14 The Debt Crisis of the 1980s Origins of the Debt Crisis – OPEC oil price increase – Increased borrowing – Excess of imports – Lagging exports

15. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 13-15 Figure 13.1 The Mechanics of Petrodollar Recycling

16. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 13-16 The Debt Crisis of the 1980s Origins of the Debt Crisis (cont’d) – Debt-servicing obligations – Debt-service payments – Debt-servicing difficulty – Oil shocks

17. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 13-17 The Debt Crisis of the 1980s Origins of the Debt Crisis (cont’d) – Developing countries’ two options: Curtail imports and restrictive fiscal and monetary measures More external borrowing

18. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 13-18 Attempts at Alleviation: Macroeconomic Instability, IMF Stabilization Policies, and Their Critics The IMF stabilization program – Macroeconomic instability – Stabilization policies – Four basic components of IMF stabilization program: Liberalization of foreign exchange and imports control Devaluation of the official exchange rate Stringent domestic anti-inflation program Opening up of the economy to international commerce

19. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 13-19 Attempts at Alleviation: Macroeconomic Instability, IMF Stabilization Policies, and Their Critics The IMF stabilization program (cont’d) – Such policies can be politically unpopular because they hurt the lower- and middle-income groups. – Less radical observers view the IMF as neither a developmental nor an antidevelopmental institution.

20. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 13-20 Attempts at Alleviation: Macroeconomic Instability, IMF Stabilization Policies, and Their Critics The IMF stabilization program (cont’d) – Tactics for debt relief: Debtors’ cartel Restructuring Brady Plan Debt for equity swaps Debt for nature swaps Debt repudiation

21. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 13-21 “Odious Debt” and its Prevention What is odious debt? – Sovereign debt used by an undemocratic government in a manner contrary to the interests of its people should be deemed invalid

22. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 13-22 Resolution and Continued Vulnerabilities Highly indebted poor countries (HIPCs) Some progress but vulnerabilities remain

23. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 13-23 Table 13.6 Dimensions of the LDC Debt Burden, 1970–2007

24. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 13-24 Figure 13.2 Current Account Balances