2. SOUTHEASTERN CULTURE CADDO WICHITA ATAKAPAN

3. Native American Cultures Main Ideas Native Americans lived in Texas for thousands of years before the Europeans arrived. Different groups of Native Americans shared similar social structures and spiritual beliefs. Native American groups had different ways of life, depending on their environment.

4. FARMING CHANGES More dependable source of food No more roaming Building homes and villages Other types of work to do Led to complex societies –craftsmen, warriors, political and religious leaders, developed along with farmers.

5. CADDO A confederacy of 24 groups made up the Caddo. Caddo was actually their language. Kadohadocho and Hasinai were found with in the borders of Texas. They lived and farmed in the East Texas Timberlands. Every Caddo group had its own government.

6. CADDO There were TWO leaders: a political leader a religious leader They had many helpers. Government positions were very powerful and could be held by men or women. They did not build their culture around war, but fought when necessary. They were friends with the French. They called the Spanish friends when they met them, and it is from this term that we get the name Texas.

7. CADDO The Caddo were farmers. They grew squash, beans, pumpkins, melons, sunflowers, figs, plums, and two corn crops each year. The men cleared the field. The women planted and tended the crops.

8. Caddo Home:

9. CADDO The Caddo also fished, and were the first to use trotlines. They gathered fruits and berries to supplement their diet. They lived in permanent villages. Their houses were dome shaped, and made of mud, poles, and straw. Some houses were as large as 50ft. in diameter.

10. WICHITA In the 1600s the Wichita moved from Kansas to the areas along the Trinity, Red and Brazos rivers. The Wichita lived in the Dallas, Fort Worth, Waco, and Wichita Falls areas. They were a confederacy of several different groups including the Waco.

11. WICHITA The Wichita lived much like the Caddo. They built permanent villages, grew crops, and hunted game. The women held positions of leadership and shared the work with the men. Unlike the Caddo, the Wichita were often at war, generally over land. They were friends with the French, but fought with the Spanish until the Spanish stopped trying to settle them and just traded with them.

12. OTHER PEOPLE Atakapan – lived along the coast between Galveston Bay and the Sabine river. They had a much simpler culture than the confederacies. Their land was not the best farmland. They were between the Caddo and the Karankawa. Cherokee – came from the Alleghany Mts. Areas in 1820s and settled north of Nacogdoches. In 1839 they were forced to move to Oklahoma.

14. Atakapan Hut:

15. OTHER PEOPLE Alabama and Coushatta Nations migrated to Texas from points east of the Mississippi from 1795 through 1816. They settled in villages on the Trinity River. They left the region during the Texas Revolution. They accepted a reservation near Livingston from the United States government in 1853. They can still be found there today.

16. Indian Tools

17. Indian Tools:

18. irrigation trotlines use of oil horsemanship farming moss clothing dugout canoes

19. Indian Food:

20. Food Preparation:

21. Art work:

22. Peoples of the Southeastern and Gulf Coast Regions Main Ideas The Caddo had a complex society, settled in one place, and grew their own crops. The Karankawa were hunter-gatherers who lived along the Gulf Coast. The Coahuiltecan lived in the dry South Texas Plains. The Atakapa lived in the bayous near the Louisiana border.

23. BEGINNINGS Many Native Americans lived in the Americas before the arrival of the Europeans. The early people of Texas developed into FOUR distinct cultures: Southeastern Pueblo Gulf Coastal (Western) Plains

24. LOCATIONS Southeastern – Atlantic into Texas from north of Beaumont to the Red River –the East Texas Timberlands (Piney Woods) Pueblo – centered in West Texas from El Paso to the Big Bend of the Rio Grande

25. LOCATIONS Gulf Coastal – in the marshy lands along the Texas coast and on the South Texas Plain Plains – north on the plains of central and west Texas

26. Content Background Knowledge In 1528 a Spanish expedition arrived in the Gulf of Mexico. Storms, disease, and attacks by Native Americans destroyed the ship and killed nearly the entire crew. Only four men survived, including the famous explorer Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca. The men were found by the Karankawa people, who took them in and sheltered them. The four men lived with the Karankawa for six years before leaving to explore Texas and northern Mexico.

27. CONTRIBUTION The Native Texans not only influenced each other, but also the Europeans who arrived on the continent in the 1500s. They contributed methods of travel, new foods, cultivated plants, hunting methods, fishing methods, names to places and foods, and words to our languages.