1. Phrases

2. Find the subject What is the subject of the verb destroy?
He could only have been chosen had there been no other credible candidate, and Baldwin's performance from the date of the Carlton Club meeting forward had destroyed this possibility.

3. Baldwin's performance from the date of the Carlton Club meeting forward had destroyed this possibility.

4. Who had destroyed the possibility?
Baldwin's performance from the date of the Carlton Club meeting forward had destroyed this possibility.
Who had destroyed the possibility?
Baldwin
The performance
The Carlton Club
The meeting

5. Phrase
Sentence constituents (parts) can be expressed through more than one word.
A group of words functioning as one is a phrase.

6. What’s wrong? Word order inside the phrase is rule governed.
President the new/ be will/ competent very.
SU P SA
Word order inside the phrase is rule governed.

7. Word Classes and Phrases
Noun (N)
Pronoun (Pron)
Verb (V)
Adjective (Adj)
Adverb (Adv)
Preposition (P)
Conjunction (Conj)
Interjection (Interj)
Noun Phrase (NP)
Verb Phrase (VP)
Adjective Phrase (AdjP)
Adverbial Phrase (AdvP)
Prepositional Phrase (PP)

8. Structure of phrases A phrase can consist of several words.
A phrase can consist of one word
Convention: the constituents of a sentence are PHRASES.
He came in.
The goat has come inside the room
NP VP PP

9. The Head One word in the phrase is more important than the rest.
HEAD: The most important word in the phrase.
It determines the meaning of the phrase
It determines the function of the phrase
The phrase has the same distribution as its head.

10. little cats with green eyes is same as…
(a) little (b) cats (c) green (d)eyes
I like little cats with green eyes . ->
I like …

11. most remarkably hot is same as
HOT [adjective]
This is a most remarkably hot day. [adjective phrase]
This is a hot day.

12. almost halfway inside is like (a) almost (b) halfway (inside)
He crept almost halfway inside .
He crept almost.
He crept halfway.
He crept inside.

13. Noun Phrase

14. The Structure of Noun Phrases
determiner,
pre-modifier,
HEAD,
post-modifier
det:art premod:AdjP head:noun post-mod:FC
The taut ropes that control the sail of a ship

15. Determiners Central determiners: Pre-determiners: Post-determiners:
a, the, this, that, every, each, no, some
Pre-determiners:
all, both, half, double, twice, three times, one-third, such, what
Post-determiners:
cardinal numerals: one, ten
ordinal numerals: first, second
closed-class quantifiers :many, a few, several;
open-class quantifiers: plenty of, a lot of, great deal of, a small quantity of

16. Pre-modifiers: Adjectives
Black cat
Tiny, black cat
Fearless, tiny, black cat

17. Adjectives?
City life
Stone wall
Flower pattern

18. Adjective or noun? one stone wall - two stone walls very hot
* very stone wall
hotter
*stoner wall

19. Pre-modifiers: Genitives
Specifying genitive: ownership
the boy's book; your son's book
Classifying genitive: kind
a children's book; women’s jeans

20. Kind or property?
The old children’s books
The two children’s house

21. Post-modifiers phrases: finite clauses (FC): non-finite clauses (NFC):
the boy ahead; the boy near you
finite clauses (FC):
the boy who walked into the room
non-finite clauses (NFC):
the boy living next door

22. Restrictive and non-restrictive modifiers
My friend who has moved to London called last night (restrictive)-->
I have several friends
One of them has moved to London
Peter, who has moved to London, called last night.
there is just one Peter-->
he has moved to London

23. Relative clauses and relative pronouns
who, whom, whose: refer to persons
which refers to things
that can refer to both persons and things, but only in restrictive relative clauses.
The boy that I told you about went to London
The car that I bought is very good
*The boy, that moved to London, returned
*The car, that is very good, was expensive

24. that Deletion that can be dropped if it is not subject.
The boy1 that I told you about t1 went to London
The boy1 ___ I told you about t1 went to London
The boy2 that t2 moved next door is nice
* The boy2 ___ moved next door is nice

25. Ellipsis in relative clauses
A subject followed by a be verb may be ellipted in a dependent clause.
Where is Sandra, who is the girl who lives next door?
Where is Sandra, __ the girl who lives next door?
Dr. Wilcox, who is unable to attend the meeting, will be here later.
Dr. Wilcox, __ unable to attend the meeting, will be here later.

26. Adjective Phrase Premodifiers: AdvP HEAD: adjective
Post-modifiers: AdvP, PP, clause
premod: AdvP head: adj post-mod:PP
Very good at smimming

27. Discontinuous constituents
disc-mod1 head:adj disc-mod2
So good that he may participate in the Olympics
Too good to participate in the local games

28. Prepositional Phrase Pre-modifier: AdvP HEAD: preposition
complement: NP, clause
premod:AdvP head: prep complement: NP
Right into the fire

29. The Structure of Phrases