2. Foundation year ENGL 102 Ch.4 Present perfect and past perfect Dalia Samier

3. Outlines Past Participles How do you actually use the present perfect? Form of Present Perfect Difference between gone and been Present Perfect - Yes/No Questions Present Perfect - Information Questions Present Perfect - Negative Sentences Present Perfect and Simple Past

4. The use of Since and For What is Past perfect tense and when to use ? The form of the past perfect Question form Negative form

5. Past participles are used for all perfect tense forms of a verb and in the passive voice in English.perfect tensepassive voice For regular verbs, we normally add ED to form its past participle. Unfortunately for irregular verbs there are no rules and it is just a matter of practice.irregular verbs

7. Present Perfect

8. 1-Experinces We can use the Present Perfect to describe your experience. I have been to Canada. This sentence means that you have had the experience of being in Canada. Maybe you have been there once, or several times. He has never traveled by train. 2- Change over time We often use the Present Perfect to talk about change that has happened over a period of time. How do you actually use the present perfect?

9. 1- My English has really improved since I moved to U.S.A. 2- She has grown since the last time I saw her. 3- Accomplishments We often use the Present Perfect to list the accomplishments of individuals and humanity. 1- Kids have learned how to read. 2- Scientists have split the atom.

10. 4- An uncompleted Action You Are Expecting We often use the Present Perfect to say that an action which we expected has not happened. Using the Present Perfect suggests that we are still waiting for the action to happen. 1- Carlos has not finished his homework yet. 2- she has still not reached.

11. 5-Multiple Actions at Different Times We also use the Present Perfect to talk about several different actions which have occurred in the past at different times. 1-I have had one project and two quizzes so far. 2- We have had many problems while working on school.

12. PositiveNegative Question I / you / we / they I have eaten. I have not eaten. Have I eaten? he / she / it He has eaten. He has not eaten. Has he eaten? Form of Present Perfect

13. Exceptions in spelling when adding ed Example after a final e only add dlove – loved final consonant after a short, stressed vowel or l as final consonant after a vowel is doubled admit – admitted travel – travelled final y after a consonant becomes i hurry – hurried For regular verbs, just add “ed”.

14. InfinitiveSimple PastPast Participle alightalighted, alit arisearosearisen awakeawoke, awakedawoken, awaked bewas, werebeen bearboreborne, born beat beaten, beat becomebecamebecome begetbegotbegotten beginbeganbegun bendbent cost creepcrept For irregular verbs, use the participle form

15. 1.Signal Words of Present Perfect already, ever, just, never, not yet, so far, till now, up to now. 1- Scientists have recently discovered a new breed of monkey. 2-We have just got back from our holidays. 3-Have you ever seen a ghost? 4-Where have you been up to now? 5-Have you finished your homework yet? No, so far I’ve only done my history.

16. We use the present perfect of (be) when someone has gone to a place and returned. Where have you been? But when someone has not returned we use have/has gone: I’ve just been out to the supermarket. Where is Maria? I haven’t seen her for weeks. B: She's gone to Paris for a week. She’ll be back tomorrow. Difference between gone and been

17. HAVE you ever + present perfect form?

18. Present Perfect - Yes/No Questions HaveIever done it before? Haveyou been to the cinema recently? Hasheworked here long? Hasshe already sent the fax? Hasit ever been in a crash? Havewedone it right?

19. Present Perfect - Information Questions WhathaveIdone? How longhaveyoubeen here? How many times hashebeen married? What countries hasshevisited? Wherehasitbeen? How longhavewe been together?

20. Present Perfect - Negative Sentences Ihaven'tbeen abroad yet. Youhaven't answered my question. Hehasn't been home for five years. Shehasn'tfound a new job. Ithasn'tfinished yet. Wehaven'tworked on a farm.

22. Simple PastPresent Perfect is used when the time is clear.is used when the time is not specific is used when the time period has finished. is used when the time period has NOT finished. is used when giving older information.is often used when giving recent news. is used with for when the actions have already finished. is used with for and since when the actions have not finished yet. A finished action with no result in the present: A finished action with a result in the present: With a finished time word (last week, last month, yesterday, ago) With an unfinished time word (this week, this month, today): Present Perfect and Simple Past

23. Certain time in the past or just / already / yet? Certain event in the past or how often so far? Simple PastPresent Perfect Simple certain time in the past Example : I finished my work 5 minutes ago. just / already / not yet Example :I have just finished my work Simple PastPresent Perfect Simple certain event in the past Example: He went to Uk last summer. whether / how often till now Example : Have you ever been to UK ? I have been to UK twice.

24.  A period is a duration of time, for example: 5 minutes, 2 weeks, 6 years.  For means "from the beginning of the period until the end of the period.  For can be used with all tenses.  We use For when we measure the duration – when we say how long something lasts.  To measure a period of time up to the present, we use the present perfect tense and not the present tense. I have known her for a long time. (Correct) I know her for a long time. (Incorrect) I have lived here for ten years. (Correct) I live here for ten years. (Incorrect) The use of For

25.  A point is a precise moment in time, for example: 9 o'clock, 1st January, Monday.  Since gives the starting point of actions, events or states. It refers to when things began.  Since + a point in time (in the past), until now. I've been waiting since 7 o'clock. I have known him since January.  With since we use the present perfect tense or the past perfect tense.  I have been here since 5 o'clock and I am getting tired.  I had been working since 5 o'clock and I was getting tired. The use of SINCE

26.  Since can also be used in the structure It has been + period of time + since. It has been two months since I last saw her. It has been three years since the last earthquake.

27. FOR to mention a specific period (or duration) of time. SINCE to mention the starting point of a period of time (continues to now). I have been a doctor for fifteen years. (duration = 15 years) I have been a doctor since 1992. (starting point = 1994) She has been a mother for six months. She has been pregnant since her first child was born. My sister has lived in Frankfurt for nine months. My sister has lived in Frankfurt since the beginning of March.

28. CorrectIncorrect I have learnt Russian for three years. I learn Russian for three years. They have taught geography since last year. They teach geography since last year. He has owned his dog since his cat died. He owns his dog since his cat dies. Both For and Since are most commonly used with the perfect tense - we don't use these expressions in the present tense.

29. While we can use For in the simple past tense we can't use Since in the simple past tense. Since can only be used in the perfect tense. CorrectIncorrectCorrect She went to Japan for three years. She went to Japan since 2003. She went to Japan for three years. I studied in New Zealand for one month. I studied in New Zealand since one month. I studied in New Zealand for one month.

30. for since a period (from start to end) >===< a point (up to now) x===>| for 20 minutes for three days for 6 months for 4 years for 2 centuries for a long time for ever etc since 9am since Monday since January since 1997 since 1500 since I left school since the beginning of time etc all tensesperfect tenses only

31. For actions that happened before a past event When we want to talk about an action that happened before a past event, we often use the past perfect. Look at these examples: When I got home yesterday, my father had already cooked dinner. I didn't want to go to the movies with my friends because I had seen the film already. Past perfect

32. I arrived very late at the party. All my friends had already gone home. As soon as she had done her homework, she went to bed. I was very tired as I hadn't slept well for several days. My friend offered me an apple in class yesterday, but I wasn't hungry because I had just eaten lunch.

33. The Past Perfect expresses the idea that something occurred before another action in the past. It can also show that something happened before a specific time in the past. Examples: 1-I had never seen such a beautiful beach before I went to Kauai. 2-I did not have any money because I had lost my wallet..

34. Had + pp What had Ali done before he went fishing? Ali had repaired his car, before he went fishing. Form of past perfect

35. Notice how often words like already, just, never etc. are used with the past perfect The words already and just go between had and the past participle. I had already finished my home work. After as soon as(had+PP)+ Past simple Before By the time (past simple) + had + p.p The key words of the tense

36. After he had finished the meeting,he made a telephone call. Before he made a telephone call,he had finished the meeting.

37. 'wh' questions When had I come? Why had you eaten? Where had she gone? To make a 'yes / no' question put 'had' before the subject: Had I come? Had you eaten? Had she gone? Forming questions

38. For the negative just add 'not': I had not been (I hadn't been) You had not gone (you hadn't gone) She had not met (she hadn't met) Negative form

39. Put in the phrases in brackets into the gaps. Use Simple Past or Present Perfect. The police-------------- two people early this morning. (to arrest) She----------- to Japan but now she ----------------back. (to go - to come) Dan----------------- two tablets this year. (already/to buy) We had already eaten when John (come) home.

40. Put in the phrases in brackets into the gaps. Use Simple Past or Past Perfect. 1-We had already eaten when John--------- (come) home. 2-Last year Juan -------------(pass) all his exams. 3-When I---------------- (get) to the airport I discovered I had forgotten my passport. 4-I went to the library, then I------------ (buy) some milk and went home.

41. Reference https://www.ego4u.com/en/cram- up/grammar/simpas-preperhttps://www.ego4u.com/en/cram- up/grammar/simpas-preper http://www.perfect-english- grammar.com/present-perfect-or-past- simple.htmlhttp://www.perfect-english- grammar.com/present-perfect-or-past- simple.html fundamentals of English Grammar for Betty Schrampfer Azarfundamentals of English Grammar for Betty Schrampfer Azar