1. REPORTED SPEECH OR INDIRECT SPEECH

2. WHY USE REPORTED SPEECH?  We use REPORTED SPEECH to report the meaning of what was said. Sometimes we report the exact words. -“It’s a strange story”, Martin said. Martin said (that) it was a strange story. But sometimes we only report the meaning, not the exact words: -”I’m really sorry I forgot about your birthday”,she said. She apologized for forgetting about my birthday.

3. REPORTING VERBS:  FOR STATEMENTS:  SAY (SOMETHING TO SOMEBODY)  TELL SOMEBODY SOMETHING  FOR QUESTIONS:  ASK SOMEBODY SOMETHING  FOR ORDERS, COMMANDS & REQUESTS:  ORDER/ TELL / ASK SOMEBODY TO DO SOMETHING

4. CHANGES IN REPORTED SPEECH  When we change from Direct Speech to Indirect Speech, the point of view normally varies, so there are three kinds of possible changes:  TENSE changes (when we use a reporting verb in the past).  PEOPLE.  PLACE and TIME.

5. TENSE CHANGES (tenses move back in time)  DIRECT SPEECH  PRESENT SIMPLE “I live in a small flat”, he said.  PRESENT CONTINUOUS “She’s leaving on Tuesday”, Paul said.  INDIRECT SPEECH  PAST SIMPLE He said (that) he lived in a small flat.  PAST CONTINUOUS Paul said (that) she was leaving on Tuesday.

6. TENSE CHANGES DIRECT SPEECH PAST SIMPLE  “I learnt a lot”, he said. PRESENT PERFECT  “Mr Jackson has left”, the secretary said. INDIRECT SPEECH PAST PERFECT He said (that) he had learnt a lot. had learnt a lot. PAST PERFECT The secretary said (that) Mr Jackson had left.

7. TENSE CHANGES  DIRECT SPEECH WILL “I’ll help you”, she said. SHALL “Shall I lay the table?”, Mark asked.  INDIRECT SPEECH WOULD She said (that) she would help me. SHOULD Mark asked if he should lay the table.

8. TENSE CHANGES  DIRECT SPEECH CAN “I can’t find my wallet”, he said. MAY “I may arrive a bit late”, she said.  INDIRECT SPEECH COULD He said (that) he couldn’t find his wallet. MIGHT She said that she might arrive a bit late.

9. TENSE CHANGES  DIRECT SPEECH MUST “I must go immediately”, he said.  INDIRECT SPEECH HAD TO He said (that) he had to go immediately.

10. OTHER CHANGES: REFERENCE WORDS  TIME: today --------- that day yesterday --- the day before, the previous day the day before yesterday --- two days before tomorrow --- the next/following day the day after tomorrow --- in two days’ time next week --- the following week a year ago --- the previous year/a year before Now --- then

11. OTHER CHANGES:  PLACE: here -------- there  OTHER:  this --- that  these --- those  PRONOUNS & POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES: from the 1st and 2nd person to the 3rd. from the 1st and 2nd person to the 3rd.  “I like my new house”,he said.  He said he liked his new house.

12. NO TENSE CHANGES  Sometimes there are no tense changes in reported speech:  When the reporting verb is in the present.  Martha says she is arriving around ten.  When the reported verb is in the past, but the reported words are “always true”.  Harry told me he still likes you.  When the message is being repeated immediately after it was said.  Laura said she’s too busy to come.

13. REPORTING QUESTIONS  WH- questions are reported with: the question word +subject + verb (without a question mark) “Where are the keys?”, I asked. I asked where the keys were.

14. REPORTING QUESTIONS  Yes/ No questions are reported using: IF or WHETHER + subject+verb IF or WHETHER + subject+verb “Do you like burgers?”, Tom asked. Tom asked (me) if /whether I liked burgers.

15. COMMANDS & REQUESTS  Commands are normally reported with the verbs: tell/ order/ instruct/ command + object + (not) to infinitive. “Go away”, he said. He ordered me to go away. “Don’t close the door!”, she said. She told me not to close the door.

16. REPORTING REQUESTS  Requests are reported with  ask (+ object) + (not) to infinitive. “Please, don’t smoke”, she said.– She asked him not to smoke. “May I leave?”, he asked.– He asked to leave.

17. REPORTING VERBS  SAY or TELL? We SAY something (to somebody) and we TELL somebody something. “I said (that) I could meet you, but I’m busy” “I told you (that) I could meet you, but I’m busy”.  OTHER REPORTING VERBS:  SUGGEST + -ING  “She suggested going to the beach”  OFFER + Infinitive “They offered to give me a lift”  REMIND + Object + Infinitive  “He reminded me to bring an umbrella”.