2. Step Up To: Psychology by John J. Schulte, Psy.D. From Myers, Psychology 8e Worth Publishers

3. Chapter 8: Learning Animals Learn Reinforce Me! Watch & Learn Think! Those Kids!

4. 100 200 300 400 500 Animals Learn

5. 100 200 300 400 500 Reinforce Me!

6. 100 200 300 400 500 Watch & Learn

7. 100 200 300 400 500 Think!

8. 100 200 300 400 500 Those Kids!

9. 1. In Pavlov’s experiments on the salivary conditioning of dogs, the UCS was: A) a tone. B) salivation to the sound of a tone. C) the presentation of food in the dog’s mouth. D) salivation to the food in the mouth.

10. 2. Male Japanese quail became sexually aroused by a red light that was repeatedly associated with the presentation of a female quail. The sexual arousal elicited by the red light was a: A) CR. B) CS. C) UCR. D) UCS.

11. 3. After learning to fear a white rat, Little Albert responded with fear to the sight of a rabbit. This best illustrates the process of: A) secondary reinforcement. B) generalization. C) shaping. D) latent learning.

12. 4. You would be most likely to use operant conditioning to teach a dog to: A) fear cats in the street. B) dislike the taste of dead birds. C) wag its tail whenever it is emotionally excited. D) retrieve sticks and balls.

13. 5.The “psychic secretions” that interfered with Pavlov’s experiments on digestion were: A) unconditioned responses. B) primary reinforcers. C) conditioned responses. D) conditioned stimuli.

14. 6. The taste of food and the termination of painful electric shock are both ____ reinforcers. A) positive B) primary C) negative D) conditioned

15. 7. Purchasing state lottery tickets is reinforced with monetary winnings on a _____ schedule. A) fixed-interval B) variable-interval C) fixed-ratio D) variable-ratio

16. 8. Resistance to extinction is most strongly encouraged by _____ reinforcement. A) intermittent B) delayed C) condition D) negative

17. 9. Watching the night sky for shooting stars is likely to be reinforced on a _____ schedule. A) fixed-interval B) fixed-ratio C) variable-interval D) variable-ratio

18. 10. Mason, a stockbroker, runs two miles every day after work because it reduces his level of stress. Mason’s running habit is maintained by a _____ reinforcer. A) positive B) negative C) conditioned D) partial

19. 11. Jeremy wears his baseball cap backward because he noticed his older brother does so. This illustrates the importance of: A) respondent behavior. B) immediate reinforcement. C) shaping. D) modeling.

20. 12. Who highlighted the importance of observational learning? A) Watson B) Bandura C) Skinner D) Pavlov

21. 13. Prolonged exposure leads viewers to experience ___ sympathy for victims of violence and to become ___ upset by the sight of real life violence. A) less; less B) more; more C) more; less D) less; more

22. 14. Children exposed to a model who preached one thing and did another: A) ignored both what the model said and did. B) ignored what the model did and did what the model said. C) ignored what the model said and both talked and acted in ways consistent with what the model did. D) said what the model said and did what the model did.

23. 15. Children are especially likely to behave aggressively after viewing TV violence in which an attractive person commits ____ violence that causes ____. A) justified; no visible pain or harm. B) unjustified; no visible pain or harm. C) justified; a lot of visible pain or harm. D) unjustified; a lot of visible pain or harm.

24. 16. After a week at college, Su-Chuan has formed a mental representation of the layout of the campus and no longer gets lost. She has developed a: A) visual memory. B) perceptual delineation. C) cognitive map. D) fixed-interval schedule.

25. 17. The fact that learning can occur without reinforcement is most clearly demonstrated by studies of: A) shaping. B) latent learning. C) spontaneous recovery. D) computer-assisted instruction.

26. 18. The desire to engage in an activity for the sake of its own enjoyment involves: A) secondary reinforcers. B) spontaneous recovery. C) intrinsic motivation. D) latent learning.

27. 19. It is easier to train a dog to bark for food than to train it to stand on its hind legs for food. This best illustrates the importance of ______ in learning. A) primary reinforcement B) generalization C) negative reinforcers D) biological predispositions

28. 20. When people are paid to do things they already enjoy doing, the result is often: A) they will perform the activity less. B) they will perform the activity more often. C) they will perform the activity longer. D) there will be no change.

29. 21. Toddlers taught to fear speeding cars may also begin to fear speeding trucks and motorcycles. This best illustrates: A) generalization. B) secondary reinforcement. C) shaping. D) latent learning.

30. 22. By pushing vending machine buttons, children often learn that this action is associated with the delivery of a candy bar. This best illustrates the process underlying: A) latent learning. B) intermittent reinforcement. C) spontaneous recovery. D) operant conditioning.

31. 23. For purposes of effective child- rearing, most psychologists favor the use of _____ over _____. A) shaping; modeling B) reinforcement; punishment C) spontaneous recovery; extinction D) classical conditioning; operant conditioning.

32. 24. A child’s fear at the sight of a hypodermic needle is a(n): A) conditioned response. B) unconditioned stimulus. C) conditioned stimulus. D) unconditioned response.

33. 25. In explaining juvenile delinquency, B.F. Skinner would most likely have emphasized: A) inherited predispositions. B) fear and greed. C) faulty child-rearing practices. D) a lack of moral values in contemporary society.

35. Stop here, or continue as a review

36. 1. In Pavlov’s experiments on the salivary conditioning of dogs, the UCS was: A) a tone. B) salivation to the sound of a tone. C) the presentation of food in the dog’s mouth. D) salivation to the food in the mouth. 317

37. 2. Male Japanese quail became sexually aroused by a red light that was repeatedly associated with the presentation of a female quail. The sexual arousal elicited by the red light was a: A) CR. B) CS. C) UCR. D) UCS. 318

38. 3. After learning to fear a white rat, Little Albert responded with fear to the sight of a rabbit. This best illustrates the process of: A) secondary reinforcement. B) generalization. C) shaping. D) latent learning. 320

39. 4. You would be most likely to use operant conditioning to teach a dog to: A) fear cats in the street. B) dislike the taste of dead birds. C) wag its tail whenever it is emotionally excited. D) retrieve sticks and balls. 328

40. 5.The “psychic secretions” that interfered with Pavlov’s experiments on digestion were: A) unconditioned responses. B) primary reinforcers. C) conditioned responses. D) conditioned stimuli. 316

41. 6. The taste of food and the termination of painful electric shock are both ____ reinforcers. A) positive B) primary C) negative D) conditioned 320

42. 7. Purchasing state lottery tickets is reinforced with monetary winnings on a _____ schedule. A) fixed-interval B) variable-interval C) fixed-ratio D) variable-ratio 332

43. 8. Resistance to extinction is most strongly encouraged by _____ reinforcement. A) intermittent B) delayed C) condition D) negative 331

44. 9. Watching the night sky for shooting stars is likely to be reinforced on a _____ schedule. A) fixed-interval B) fixed-ratio C) variable-interval D) variable-ratio 331

45. 10. Mason, a stockbroker, runs two miles every day after work because it reduces his level of stress. Mason’s running habit is maintained by a _____ reinforcer. A) positive B) negative C) conditioned D) partial 329

46. 11. Jeremy wears his baseball cap backward because he noticed his older brother does so. This illustrates the importance of: A) respondent behavior. B) immediate reinforcement. C) shaping. D) modeling. 341

47. 12. Who highlighted the importance of observational learning? A) Watson B) Bandura C) Skinner D) Pavlov 343

48. 13. Prolonged exposure leads viewers to experience ___ sympathy for victims of violence and to become ___ upset by the sight of real life violence. A) less; less B) more; more C) more; less D) less; more 345

49. 14. Children exposed to a model who preached one thing and did another: A) ignored both what the model said and did. B) ignored what the model did and did what the model said. C) ignored what the model said and both talked and acted in ways consistent with what the model did. D) said what the model said and did what the model did. 344

50. 15. Children are especially likely to behave aggressively after viewing TV violence in which an attractive person commits ____ violence that causes ____. A) justified; no visible pain or harm. B) unjustified; no visible pain or harm. C) justified; a lot of visible pain or harm. D) unjustified; a lot of visible pain or harm. 345

51. 16. After a week at college, Su-Chuan has formed a mental representation of the layout of the campus and no longer gets lost. She has developed a: A) visual memory. B) perceptual delineation. C) cognitive map. D) fixed-interval schedule. 334

52. 17. The fact that learning can occur without reinforcement is most clearly demonstrated by studies of: A) shaping. B) latent learning. C) spontaneous recovery. D) computer-assisted instruction. 334

53. 18. The desire to engage in an activity for the sake of its own enjoyment involves: A) secondary reinforcers. B) spontaneous recovery. C) intrinsic motivation. D) latent learning. 335

54. 19. It is easier to train a dog to bark for food than to train it to stand on its hind legs for food. This best illustrates the importance of ______ in learning. A) primary reinforcement B) generalization C) negative reinforcers D) biological predispositions 335

55. 20. When people are paid to do things they already enjoy doing, the result is often: A) they will perform the activity less. B) they will perform the activity more often. C) they will perform the activity longer. D) there will be no change. 335

56. 21. Toddlers taught to fear speeding cars may also begin to fear speeding trucks and motorcycles. This best illustrates: A) generalization. B) secondary reinforcement. C) shaping. D) latent learning. 320

57. 22. By pushing vending machine buttons, children often learn that this action is associated with the delivery of a candy bar. This best illustrates the process underlying: A) latent learning. B) intermittent reinforcement. C) spontaneous recovery. D) operant conditioning. 326

58. 23. For purposes of effective child- rearing, most psychologists favor the use of _____ over _____. A) shaping; modeling B) reinforcement; punishment C) spontaneous recovery; extinction D) classical conditioning; operant conditioning. 332

59. 24. A child’s fear at the sight of a hypodermic needle is a(n): A) conditioned response. B) unconditioned stimulus. C) conditioned stimulus. D) unconditioned response. 318

60. 25. In explaining juvenile delinquency, B.F. Skinner would most likely have emphasized: A) inherited predispositions. B) fear and greed. C) faulty child-rearing practices. D) a lack of moral values in contemporary society. 338

61. Acknowledgements Step Up Created by: –John J. Schulte, Psy.D. Based on Psychology, Eighth Edition by David Myers Published by Worth Publishers, 2006

62. Answers 1.C 2.A 3.B 4.D 5.C 6.B 7.D 8.A 9.C 10.B 11.D 12.B 13.A 14.D 15.A 16.C 17.B 18.C 19.D 20.A 21.A 22.D 23.B 24.A 25.C