1. LESSON 1 Introduction to Programming Language

2. Computer  Comprised of various devices that are referred to as HARDWARE.  The computer programs that run of a computer are referred to SOFTWARE.

3. Computer Program  Set of instructions used to operate a computer to perform specific task and produce result

4. Computer Programming  Writing computer program

5. Programming Language  Language used to create computer programs

6. Levels of Programming Languages  Machine Languages  Assembly Languages  High Languages

7. Machine Language  Lowest level of computer languages  Only language that computer can understand.  Consist entirely of 1s and 0s.  Easily understood by computers but difficult to read by people.

8. Assembly Language  Uses symbolic names and operands instead of 1s and Os  e.g. MOV and ADD  Needs ASSEMBLER to translate instruction to machine level language

9. High-Level Languages  English like language instructions so it is easier to learn, use and debug the program.  Example  FORTRAN, COBOL, BASIC, PASCAL, C, C++ and JAVA  It needs the help of COMPILER to be understood by the computer

10. What is Compiler  Translates the high level program(source code) into machine code(object code). High Level ProgramCompiler Machine Code 0,1

11. History of C++  In 1970s, at Bell Laboratories, Dennis Ritchie and Brian Kernighan designed the C programming language.  Most of C is a subset of C++  C++ was developed by Dr. Bjarne Stroustrup in 1985 at AT&T Bell Labs New Jersey, USA.  Initially called as “C with classes” but was change to C++

12.  An ALGORITHM is a detailed sequence of simple steps that are needed to solve a problem.  An algorithm is defined as a step-by-step sequence of instructions that describes how the data are to be processed to produce the desired outputs. Algorithm

13. 1. Start 2. Accept num1, num2 3. sum = num1+num2 4. Display sum 5. Stop Write an algorithm to find sum of two numbers. Sample 1

14. 1. Start 2. Accept q1, q2, q3 3. total = q1 + q2 + q3 4. average = total / 3 5. Display total, average 6. Stop Write an algorithm find the total and average of three quizzes. Sample 2

15. Write an algorithm to determine a student’s final grade and indicate whether it is passing or failing. The final grade is calculated as the average of four marks. Sample 3

16. Step 1: Start Step 2: Input M1, M2, M3, M4 Step 3: GRADE = (M1+M2+M3+M4)/4 Step 4: if (GRADE < 50) then Print “FAIL” else Print “PASS” Step 5: Stop

17.  A flowchart is a design tool used to graphically represent the logic in a solution. It is a pictorial representation or graphical representation of the algorithm. Flowchart

20.  Write a flowchart to find sum of two numbers Sample 1 1. Start 2. Accept num1, num2 3. sum = num1+num2 4. Display sum 5. Stop

21. Exercises  Question 1. Write an algorithm and draw the flowchart to read money in US dollar and convert to Omani rials.  rials = dollar * 2.50  Answer 1.Start 2.Accept dollar 3.Rials = dollar * 2.50 4.Display rials 5.Stop start Accept dollar rials = dollars * 2.50 Display rials stop

22. Exercises  Question 2. Write an algorithm and draw the flowchart to calculate area of square and rectangle.  Square Area = side * side  Rectangle Area = length * width  Answer 1.Start 2.Accept side, length, width 3.Square Area = side * side 4.Rectangle Area = length * width 5.Display square and rectangle area 6.Stop start Accept side, length, width Square area = side * side Rectangle area = length * width Display square and rectangle area stop

23. Exercises  Question 3. Write an algorithm and draw the flowchart to determine if a number is positive or negative.  Answer 1.Start 2.Accept number 3.If number<0 then Print “negative” else Print “positive” 4. Stop start Accept side, length, width Print “Positive” stop Print “Negative” If number<0 NO YES

24. Exercises  Question 2. Write an algorithm and draw the flowchart to calculate area of square and rectangle.  Square Area = side * side  Rectangle Area = length * width  Answer 1.Start 2.Accept side, length, width 3.Square Area = side * side 4.Rectangle Area = length * width 5.Display square and rectangle area 6.Stop start Accept side, length, width Square area = side * side Rectangle area = length * width Display square and rectangle area stop

25. Exercises  Question 2. Write an algorithm and draw the flowchart to calculate area of square and rectangle.  Square Area = side * side  Rectangle Area = length * width  Answer 1.Start 2.Accept side, length, width 3.Square Area = side * side 4.Rectangle Area = length * width 5.Display square and rectangle area 6.Stop start Accept side, length, width Square area = side * side Rectangle area = length * width Display square and rectangle area stop