1. Introduction to Insect Biology and Diversity, 3/e James B. Whitfield / Alexander H. Purcell III Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. CHAPTER 16 An Evolutionary Perspective of the Insects

2. Introduction to Insect Biology and Diversity, 3/e James B. Whitfield / Alexander H. Purcell III Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc.

3. Introduction to Insect Biology and Diversity, 3/e James B. Whitfield / Alexander H. Purcell III Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. This parasitic wasp (Ichneumonidae) has been preserved as a fossil in fine- grained volcanic shale, called paper shale, from the Miocene Epoch (23.3–5.2 million years ago) in west-central Nevada.

4. Introduction to Insect Biology and Diversity, 3/e James B. Whitfield / Alexander H. Purcell III Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Figure 16.1 Diagrams of a hypothetical, primitive, winged insect, showing serial homologies of the appendage segments on the head, thorax, and abdomen.

5. Introduction to Insect Biology and Diversity, 3/e James B. Whitfield / Alexander H. Purcell III Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Figure 16.2 Devonohexapodus bocksbergensis, a marine hexapodous arthropod from the early Devonian slates of Germany.

6. Introduction to Insect Biology and Diversity, 3/e James B. Whitfield / Alexander H. Purcell III Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Figure 16.3 Reconstruction of Paleozoic insects by J. Kukalová-Peck:

7. Introduction to Insect Biology and Diversity, 3/e James B. Whitfield / Alexander H. Purcell III Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Figure 16.4 Reconstruction of a primitive apterous insect, Thysanura (Dasyleptus, originally described as a distinct order, Monura), from the Pennsylvanian Period (= Upper Carboniferous; 323–290 million years ago) of Illinois.

8. Introduction to Insect Biology and Diversity, 3/e James B. Whitfield / Alexander H. Purcell III Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Figure 16.5 Tentative phylogenetic relationships of the hexapod orders.

9. Introduction to Insect Biology and Diversity, 3/e James B. Whitfield / Alexander H. Purcell III Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Figure 16.6 Insects preserved in Oligocene and Miocene amber from Chiapas, Mexico:

10. Introduction to Insect Biology and Diversity, 3/e James B. Whitfield / Alexander H. Purcell III Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Figure 16.7 Fossil history of insect orders, including extinct ones. Width of black bands indicate relative species richness through time.

11. Introduction to Insect Biology and Diversity, 3/e James B. Whitfield / Alexander H. Purcell III Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Box Figure 16.1 A worker of the Miocene stingless bee, Proplebeia dominicana.