1. Memory -- Retreival *

2. Retrieval: Getting Information Out
Retrieval refers to getting information out of the memory store…it is there, but how do we get it out to be able to use?
Retrieval cues: stimuli that help people get information from long-term memory (LTM)
think of these cues like “search terms” one would use on an internet search engine, such as or “clues” to help find your stored memories
What does the word mashed potatoes make you think of? It makes me think of my grandma who makes the best mashed potatoes in the world. The same technique can apply to effortfully processed information- you make the cue for information you need to remember. So to remember what retrieval cues are, think of Google… your memory is the search engine, retrieval cues are the words you use to search. *

3. Retrieval Cues
Memories are held in storage by a web of associations. These associations are like anchors that help retrieve memory.
Sleep
Retrieval cues are only as good as the memory itself…so retrieval will depend up on the type of memory & how well it was encoded/stored *

4. Types of Retrieval
In recognition the person has to identify an item amongst others e.g., a multiple-choice test requires recognition.
Name the capital of France
Brussels
Rome
London
Paris *

5. Types of Retrieval
In recall the person must retrieve information using effort, e.g., a fill-in-the blank test requires recall.
The capital of Germany is ______.
Berlin *

6. Recall Exercise…50 States…*

7. Types of Retrieval
In relearning the individual shows how much time (or effort) is saved when learning material a second time.
List
Jet
Dagger
Tree
Kite …
Silk
Frog
Ring
List
Jet
Dagger
Tree
Kite …
Silk
Frog
Ring
1 day later
Article in Women’s Health magazine about people who consistently worked out and lead an active, healthy lifestyle. It said that when these people who lead active and healthy lifestyles take a break from exercise (say 9 months for having a baby), when they got back into it, they gained muscle and we’re able to bounce back faster than others who hadn’t lead active lifestyles previously.
It took 10 trials
to learn this list
It took 5 trials
to learn the list *

8. Priming
Procedure of providing cues that stimulate memories without awareness of the connection between the cue and the retrieved memory
Often referred to as “memoryless memory” because it is done without our conscious awareness…yet it predisposes us to interpret or recall information in a certain way
Different from implicit memory because implicit memories are actually memories brought to mind that effect our behavior without us being completely aware of it, whereas priming affects what memories we will retrieve. *

9. Context Effects
Scuba divers recalled more words underwater if they learned the list underwater, and recalled more words on land if they learned the list on land (Godden & Baddeley, 1975).
Fred McConnaughey/ Photo Researchers
I had a teacher in high school who would give us a mint everyday. Then when test day rolled around he would give us a mint and it would help us do better because of context. Taking tests in the room you learned the information helps you do better on the test- unfortunately you can’t take the AP Exam in this room though ☹ *

10. Context Effects
If this is true, then how should you study for your next AP Psychology test? In what “context”?
Also called encoding specificity
Bottom line… the more closely the retrieval cues match the form in which the information was encoded, the better the information will be remembered. *

11. Déja Vu
Déja Vu means “"I've experienced this before.” Cues from the current situation (context) may unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier similar experience.
© The New Yorker Collection, Leo Cullum from
cartoonbank.com. All Rights Reserved
Has something to do with context because it’s the context or environment/stimuli that bring back memories- our brains are tricked to bring back memories in a similar situation. *

12. Emotions, or moods serve as retrieval cues.
Moods and Memories
Mood-congruent memory -- tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current mood…so if you are happy or in a good mood, you are more likely to recall happy or positive event while a bad mood will bring about sad or negative memories
Emotions, or moods serve as retrieval cues.
If you’ve got the giggles, they are hard to get rid of because the funny thoughts just keep coming. You mood effects how you encode things, and therefore how you retrieve them- if you are mad while studying, it will effect how you encode information. *

13. TOT (tip-of-the-tongue) Phenomenon
Inability to recall a word or idea, while knowing it is in your memory
most common items of TOT are names and familiar objects
Why does it happen?
probably due to interference during recall…poor match between retrieval cues and encoding of information
Name them…
Dopey, Sleepy, Sneezy, Happy, Grumpy, Bashful, Doc
State capitals…
Familiar people like acquaintances/famous people. Name the 7 dwarfs you remember… name the state capitals you remember. The question is, do you really “know” this information? It’s only on the tip of your tongue because of interference, meaning you encoded it improperly. So the answer is probably, no, you don’t know it very well. *