1. “We all have a responsibility to protect endangered species, both for their sake and for the sake of our own future generations.” Loretta Lynch 1

2. Species are becoming extinct 100 to 1,000 times faster than they were before modern humans arrived on the Earth, and by the end of this century, the extinction rate is expected to be 10,000 times the background rate.

3. Mass extinction 3-5 events throughout geologic history 50-95% of species became extinct Resulted from global changes in environmental conditions: major climate change, volcanism, asteroid impacts 3 Levels of species extinction Local extinction (extirpation) – species ceases to exist in a chosen geographic area, but exists in other locales Ecological extinction – species is in such low numbers that it can no longer interact with its environment Biological extinction – species ceases to exist in its entirety

4. Current extinction rate is at least 100 times higher than natural background rate of.0001% Will rise to 10,000 times the background rate by the end of the century Rate will rise to 1% per year ¼ to ½ of the world’s plant and animal species Caused by humans

5. Endangered species So few members that the species could soon become extinct Threatened species (vulnerable species) Still enough members to survive, but numbers declining -- may soon be endangered

6. Fig. 9-2, p. 193 Endangered Natural Capital: Species Threatened with Premature Extinction

7. Fig. 9-3, p. 194 Characteristics of Species That Are Prone to Ecological and Biological Extinction

8. Fig. 9-3, p. 194 CharacteristicExamples Low reproductive rate Blue whale, giant panda, rhinoceros Specialized niche Blue whale, giant panda, Everglades kite Narrow distribution Elephant seal, desert pupfish Feeds at high trophic level Bengal tiger, bald eagle, grizzly bear Fixed migratory patterns Blue whale, whooping crane, sea turtle Rare African violet, some orchids Commercially valuable Snow leopard, tiger, elephant, rhinoceros, rare plants and birds Large territories California condor, grizzly bear, Florida panther

9. Fig. 9-4, p. 194 Percentage of Various Species Threatened with Premature Extinction

10. The Passenger Pigeon used to be one of the world’s most abundant birds According to the Audubon Society, a typical flock took about 3 days to fly over Due to human activities, the Passenger Pigeon was hunted to extinction by 1900: Habitat loss Commercial hunting Easy to kill: flew in large flocks and nested in dense colonies

11. Fig. 9-5, p. 194 Passenger Pigeon

12. There are 4 main reasons extinctions should be prevented 1. Species provide natural resources and natural services Insects are natural pollinators (Honeybees) Bats and birds provide natural pest control 2. Most species contribute economic services Plants provide food, fuel, lumber, and medicine Ecotourism - tourism directed toward exotic, often threatened, natural environments, especially to support conservation efforts and observe wildlife

13. 3. It will take 5-10 million years to regain species biodiversity 4. Many people believe species have an intrinsic right to exist (ethics)

14. Fig. 9-6, p. 195 Natural Capital Degradation: Endangered Orangutans in a Tropical Forest

15. Fig. 9-7, p. 196 Natural Capital: Nature’s Pharmacy

16. Fig. 9-7, p. 196 Pacific yew Taxus brevifolia, Pacific Northwest Ovarian cancer Rosy periwinkle Cathranthus roseus, Madagascar Hodgkin's disease, lymphocytic leukemia Rauvolfia Rauvolfia sepentina, Southeast Asia Anxiety, high blood pressure Neem tree Azadirachta indica, India Treatment of many diseases, insecticide, spermicides Foxglove Digitalis purpurea, Europe Digitalis for heart failure Cinchona Cinchona ledogeriana, South America Quinine for malaria treatment

17. Fig. 9-8, p. 197 Endangered Hyacinth Macaw is a Source of Beauty and Pleasure

18. The acronym HIPPCO describes all the ways in which humans are speeding up species extinction Habitat destruction, degradation, and fragmentation Invasive (nonnative) species Population and resource use growth Pollution Climate change Overexploitation

19. Habitat fragmentation causes the most species endangerment and extinctions: Large intact habitat becomes divided by roads, crops, urban sprawl This leaves habitat “islands” Migration routes are blocked Populations are divided Finding vital nutrients (food/water) is inhibited

20. Fig. 9-9, p. 198 Causes of Depletion and Premature Extinction of World Species

21. Fig. 9-10, p. 199 Natural Capital Degradation: Reduction in the Ranges of Four Wildlife Species

22. Fig. 9-10a, p. 199 Indian Tiger Range 100 years ago Range today

23. Fig. 9-10b, p. 199 Black Rhino Range in 1700 Range today

24. Fig. 9-10c, p. 199 African Elephant Probable range 1600 Range today

25. Fig. 9-10d, p. 199 Asian or Indian Elephant Former range Range today

26. Stepped Art Indian Tiger Range 100 years ago Range today Black Rhino Range in 1700 Range today African Elephant Probable range 1600 Range today Asian or Indian Elephant Former range Range today Fig. 9-10, p. 199

27. Honeybees are responsible for 80% of insect-pollinated plants and nearly 1/3 of all human food In 2006, scientists discovered a 30% drop in honeybee populations What is causing this alarming decline? Pesticides? Parasites? Viruses, fungi, bacteria? Microwave radiation – cell phones? Scientists called it Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD)

28. Poaching and smuggling of exotic animals and plants is another cause of endangerment and extinction – why? A lot of money is made from some animal parts (for example, Ivory from Rhino tusks) Many people like to have exotic Pets People like exotic plants for landscaping and enjoyment

29. Fig. 9-16, p. 205 Mountain Gorilla in Rwanda

30. Fig. 9-17, p. 205 White Rhinoceros Killed by a Poacher

31. Bush meat is meat from non-domesticated animals in tropical forests Indigenous peoples are sustained by bush meat Commercial harvesting and black market trade of bush meat is causing tremendous loss of biodiversity In addition, these practices are increasing the spread of HIV/AIDS from animal to human

32. Fig. 9-18, p. 207 Bush Meat: Lowland Gorilla

33. As of 2015, 1/3 of 800 bird species in the U.S. are listed as endangered or threatened – why? 1) The main cause of this decline is habitat loss and fragmentation of the birds’ breeding habitats Forests are cleared for farms and lumber plantations Roads and urban development are fragmenting the habitat 2) In addition, the intentional or accidental introduction of nonnative species is causing the bird decline

34. 3) Seabirds are caught and drown in fishing equipment 4) Migrating birds fly into power lines, communication towers, and skyscrapers 5) Other threats include: Oil spills Pesticides Herbicides Ingestion of toxic lead shotgun pellets (mistaken for food)

35. Fig. 9-19, p. 208 Endangered Black-Browed Albatross

36. We can reduce the rising rate of species extinction and help to protect overall biodiversity by establishing and enforcing national environmental laws and international treaties, creating a variety of protected wildlife sanctuaries, and taking precautionary measures to prevent such harm.

37. 1975: Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) – An international treaty banning the hunting, capturing, and selling of threatened or endangered species Signed by 172 countries Convention on Biological Diversity (BCD) Focuses on ecosystems Ratified by 190 countries (not the U.S.)

38. Endangered Species Act (ESA): enacted in 1973 and later amended in 1982, 1985, and 1988 Purpose: Identify and protect endangered species in the U.S. and abroad National Marine Fisheries Service created for ocean species U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service created for all others

39. 1. Species listed only when in serious danger 2. Takes decades to help endangered species 3. Conditions for more than half of listed species are stable or improving 4. In 2010, American taxpayers contributed only 9 cents of Federal taxes per paycheck to the ESA

40. 1. Greatly increase funding 2. Develop recovery plans more quickly 3. When a species is first listed, establish the core of its habitat that’s critical for survival 4. A new law is needed to focus on sustaining biodiversity and ecosystem health

41. Fig. 9-20, p. 210 Confiscated Products Made from Endangered Species

42. Fig. 9-22, p. 213 What Can You Do? Protecting Species