1. Summary of Kingdom Protista Using chapter 28 as a reference along with other texts

2. Kingdom Protista  any organism that is not a plant, an animal, a fungus, or a prokaryote.  1.5 billion years ago.  Classified - nutrition.  Animallike  Plantlike  Funguslike

3. Classification of Protists  Diplomonads + parabasalids  no mitochondria- evidence that it was LOST not that they never had it!  Clade euglenozoa- euglenoids  Clade alveolata- dinoflagellates  Apicomplexans- plasmodium  Ciliates- paramecium  Oomycotes- water molds  Bacillariophyta- diatoms  Chrysophyta- green algae  Phaophyta- brown algae  Rhodophyta- red algae  Rhizopoda- amoeba  Formainiferans  Mixogastrida- plasmodial slime molds

4. Euglena- an unusual creature

5. Adaptations of the Euglena  Mixotroph- BOTH heterotrophic and photosynthetic  Eyespot + light detector  Flagella  Protein bands  Contractile vacuole Lives in hypotonic environment Lives in hypotonic environment

6. Animal-like protists  Protozoa-”First animals”  Heterotrophs  Four phyla based on how they move

7. Phylum Zoomastiginia: Zooflagellates  flagella  Absorb food through their cell membranes  Most reproduce asexually- binary fission

8. Diseases  African sleeping sickness Trypanosoma – Tsetse Fly Trypanosoma – Tsetse Fly Chills, rashes, nerve cell damage, coma Chills, rashes, nerve cell damage, coma  Trichomonas vaginalis – vaginitis Often problem with Often problem with HIV patients HIV patients

9. Termites and Trichonympha  Symbiotic  Lives in termite gut  Contains cellulase that digests wood

10. Phylum Sarcondina: Sarcodines  Pseudopods – eating and movement  Amoeboid movement  Contractile Vacuole  Binary Fission  Foraminiferans – calcium carbonate shells, chalk

11. Contractile Vacuole Nucleus Food Vacuole Pseudopods

12. Nutrition  Phagocytosis to surround its food to form a food vacuole.  Fresh water ponds and eats algae and other protozoans. Amebic Dysentery Severe diarrhea, attacks intestines, bleeding Poor sanitation Boiling water or iodine

14. Phylum Ciliophora: Ciliates  Cilia – feeding and movement  Binary Fission and Conjugation (stress)  Freshwater and saltwater

15. Anal pore Gullet Oral groove Trichocysts Lysosomes Food vacuoles Contractile vacuole Micronucleus (conjugation) Macronucleus Cilia Figure 20-5 : A Ciliate

16. Internal Anatomy  Two nuclei  Macronucleus respiration, protein synthesis, and digestion. respiration, protein synthesis, and digestion.  Micronucleus conjugation and contains a reserve copy of genes. conjugation and contains a reserve copy of genes.

17. Nutrition  The cilia move food into the oral groove which leads to the gullet.  The food is forced into food vacuoles  Lysozymes break down the food  Undigested food is removed through the anus  Contractile Vacuole

18. Macronucleus Micronucleus Conjugation MEIOSIS Exchange of micronuclei Macronuclei disintegrate New macronuclei form Genetically identical paramecium form

19. Phylum Sporozoa: Sporozoans  Parasitic protists  Reproduce using sporozoites  A sporozoite can attach itself to a host and lives as a parasite.

20. Diseases  Malaria- Plasmodium  Saliva of the female mosquito  Sporozoites enter the bloodstream and the plasmodium infects the liver cells and red blood cells.  Red cells burst and release toxins into the bloodstream  2 million people die each year from malaria.

22. Plantlike Protist: Unicellular Algae  Base of the food chain  “phytoplankton”  photosynthetic pigments  Classify by the type of pigments they contain

23. Phylum Euglenophyta: Euglenophytes  two flagella  Lack a cell wall  Cell membrane called a pellicle  Chloroplasts – photosynthetic  Heterophic  Eyespot - Finds sunlight  Pellicle – tough and flexible

24. Gullet Chloroplast Nucleus EyespotFlagella Euglena Carbohydrate storage bodies Pellicle Contractile vacuole

25. Phylum Pyrrophyta: Dinoflagellates  50% photosynthetic  50% heterotrophs  Plates made of cellulose for protection  Many are bioluminescent

27. Zooxanthellae  Photosynthetic dinos that provide food for their host organism.  The host provides carbon dioxide and shelter.  Examples of host organisms: jellyfish, coral, clams

29. Red Tide  Water appears red due “Bloom”.  Some species will release a toxin that effects the nervous systems of fish  Ban on shellfish

30. Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning  PSP is caused by a dino species that produces a toxin that is taken up by mollusks.  Paralysis or death

31. Phylum Bacillariophyta :Diatoms  Cell walls – silicon  Cannot decompose

32. Plantlike Protists Red, Brown, and Green Algae

33. Phylum Rhodophyta :Red Algae  Chlorophyll a and Phycobilins  Absorb blue light – 260 meters  Most multicellular  Chondrus crispus- Irish moss

34. Chondrus Crispus – Irish Moss

35. Phylum Phaeophyta : Brown Algae  Chlorophyll a and c, Fucoxanthin  Holdfast, Stipe, Blades, Bladders (Fig 20- 15)  Fucus- Rockweed  Sargassum  Kelp

36. Kelp

37. Rockweed

38. Fucus : Rockweed

39. Sargassum

40. Phylum Chlorophyta : Green Algae  Cellulose in their cell walls  Chlorophyll a & b  Stores food as starch  Very similar to plants

41. Unicellular Green Algae  Chlamydomonas  Lives in ponds, wet soil, etc.

42. Colonial Green Algae  Spirogyra  Volvox – connected strands of cytoplasm, coordinated flagella movement

43. Sea lettuce- Ulva

44. Algae’s Importance Base of the food chain Kelp forests – habitats 50% of oxygen production Medical Use Ulcers, HBP, arthritis