1. Diversity in Biology
Organising Diversity

2. Two Main Classification Systems
Six Kingdom System
More traditional, widely used
Classifies organisms into taxa (groups)
Classification based on
Morphological and physiological similarities
Does not consider evolutionary relationships

3. Six Kingdom System Groups all living organisms into six groups:
Archaebacteria
Eubacteria
All bacteria used to be in one kingdom called Monera
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia

4. Two Main Classification Systems
Three Domain System
More recent, not as widely used
Classification based on
Phylogeny
evolutionary history of groups of organisms
differences in the sequences in the cell's ribosomal RNAs (rRNA)
cell's membrane lipid structure
sensitivity to antibiotics.

5. 3 Domain System

6. Three-domain System Better reflects evolutionary history of life
3 Domains of Life
Archaebacteria
are prokaryotes
lack peptidoglycan in cell walls
Eubacteria
(true bacteria) are prokaryotes (no nuclei)
Eukaryotes
Protists, fungi, plants, animals

7. A hybrid system Blend of both Systems
3 domains, with 4 kingdoms within Eukarya
Used in both systematics and Taxonomy.

8. The Six Kingdoms and Domains
number of Cells
energy
cell type
examples
archaebacteria
unicellular
some autotrophic, most chemotrophic
prokaryote
"extremophiles"
eubacteria
autotrophic and heterotrophic
bacteria, E. coli
fungae
most multicellular
heterotrophic
eukaryote
mushrooms, yeast
plantae
multicellular
autotrophic
trees, grass
animalia
humans, insects, worms
protista
most unicellular
heterotrophic or autotrophic
ameba, paramecium, algae

9. What kind of organism is it…
Sea Monkey
Firefly
Ringworm
Jellyfish
Spider monkey
Crayfish
Sea Horse
Photo Credit: Audringje; flickr

10. Panthera pardus

11. Binomial Nomenclature
Scientific names must either be underlined or italicized
The genus is always capitalized, the species is lowercase
Can be abbreviated. Ex. P. leo and P. tigris

12. What are the scientific names of each of these organisms?
Kingdom
Animalia
Phylum
Chordata
Class
Mammalia
Aves
Order
Carnivora
Anseriformes
Family
Felidae
Anatidae
Genus
Panthera
Anas
Species
Leo
Tigris
acouta
What are the scientific names of each of these organisms?

13. What is a species?
Defined as organisms that can interbreed with one another, and produce fertile offspring

14. Example: ligers and mules
When two organisms of different species interbreed, the offspring is called a HYBRID These offspring are usually infertile, therefore do not form a new species.
Example:  ligers and mules

15. Systematics Dichotomous Keys Used to identify organisms
At each stage, there are only 2 choices!

16. Has green coloured body ......go to 2 1.
Has green coloured body go to 2
Has purple coloured body go to 4 2.
Has 4 legs .....go to 3
Has 8 legs Deerus octagis 3.
Has a tail Deerus pestis
Does not have a tail Deerus magnus 4.
Has a pointy hump Deerus humpis
Does not have a pointy hump.....go to 5 5.
Has ears Deerus purplinis
Does not have ears Deerus deafus

17. Deerus pestis Deerus magnus Deerus octagis Deerus humpus
Deerus humpus
Deerus puplinis
Deerus deafus

18. Dichotomous Key Body Colour GREEN 4 Legs Tail Deerus pestis No Tail
Deerus magnus
8 Legs
Deerus octagus
PURPLE
Pointy Hump
Deerus humpis
No Pointy Hump
Has ears
Deerus purplinis
No Ears
Deerus deafus