1. Taxonomy

2. Taxonomy Definition: The study of classification Why group things?
Easier to find information about an organism
Easier to identify an organism
Shows evolutionary relationships
Historical Background
Aristotle - (350 B.C.) First scientist to group organisms as either plants or animals

3. What does “binomial nomenclature” mean?
Carolus Linnaeus (Karl Linne ) - “Father of Modern Taxonomy”
Grouped things according to structural similarities
Developed a “Binomial Nomenclature” system for identifying every organism
What does “binomial nomenclature” mean?
2 term naming system

4. Binomial Nomenclature Rules
Names are in Latin
Why?
First name is the Genus, the second name is the species
Genus is Capitalized and species is not
Both names are either italicized or underlined
(e.g. Canis familiarus and Homo sapien)
Because Latin is a dead language and is not subject to change.
Cougar. Mountain lion, puma are all common names for same species Felis concolor

5. Classification Categories (taxa)
Different levels from the most general characteristics to more specific characteristics
Eight levels of taxonomy are:
Domain
Eukarya
Kingdom
Animalia
Phylum
Chordata
Class
Mammalia
Order
Primata
Family
Homideae
Genus
Homo
Species
sapien

6. Modern Evolutionary Taxonomy
We still look at structural similarities, but we also look at:
Homologous structures - suggests common ancestor

7. Developmental stages - from embryo to adult; the more similar the stages, the closer they are taxonomically

8. What is the closest living terrestrial relative of the whale?
Biochemical Similarities – compare DNA or RNA sequences of different organisms to determine ancestry and taxonomic relationship
The more similar the sequences, the more recently they shared a common ancestor
What is the closest living terrestrial relative of the whale?
Hippo.
Yeast cells and humans share the gene that codes for myosin (muscles in humans and moving internal cell parts in yeast).
American (turkey) vulture and stork are genetically more similar than vultures are to each other

9. Molecular clocks – scientists compare accumulated neutral mutations (markers) of closely related species to estimate the length of time they have been evolving independently
DRAW FIG. 18-9, pg. 455
Like a family tree

10. Tiny free-swimming larva Structural Similarities
Cladograms
Diagram that helps scientists understand how organisms evolved in relation to each other and when new traits appeared
Lines represent evolutionary descent and show common ancestors
Crustaceans
Gastropod
Crab
Barnacle
Limpet
Molted exoskeleton
Segmentation
Tiny free-swimming larva
Structural Similarities
CLADOGRAM

11. Three Domains (developed in 1990) Archaea- Kingdom Archaebacteria
Bacteria- Kingdom Eubacteria
Eukarya- Kingdoms Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia
Six Kingdoms
Kingdom Archaebacteria (archae =“ancient”)
Prokaroytes, no nucleus, unicellular, autotroph or heterotroph, cell walls without peptidoglycan
e.g. Thermophiles, halophiles, acidophiles
Peptidoglycan, also known as murein, is a polymer consisting of sugars and amino acids that forms a homogeneous layer outside the plasma membrane of eubacteria

12. e.g. Streptococcus and E. coli, (“germs”)
Kingdom Eubacteria
Prokaroytes, no nucleus, unicellular, autotroph or heterotroph, cell walls with peptidoglycan
e.g. Streptococcus and E. coli, (“germs”)
Kingdom Protista
Simple, many are unicellular, no specialization of tissues
Protozoans
Algae

13. e.g. mushrooms, molds and yeast
Kingdom Fungi
Multicellular organisms (except yeast) that have a cell wall and absorb food through the cell wall.
e.g. mushrooms, molds and yeast
Kingdom Plantae
Multicellular organisms, contain chlorophyll, have organs and tissues, autotrophs
Kingdom Animalia
Multicellular organisms, heterotrophs, have organs and tissues

14. Classification Movie