1. 6 Indexes, Scales, and Typologies Indexes Vs. Scales ◦ indexes are different than scales ◦ both are composite measures ◦ indexes are simply summed ◦ scales imply intensity

2. Indexes Wrote a letter to a public official Persuaded someone to change their voting plans Wrote a political letter to the editor Gave money to political candidate Gave money to a political cause Signed a political petition + + + + + +

3. Scales Run for Office Worked for a Political Campaign Contributed Money to a Political Campaign Voted None of These Actions II. I. III. IV. 0

4. Index Construction Must have face validity Unidimensionality General or Specific Variance

5. Face Validity -- Stress Index I have trouble sleeping I have had a change in appetite I am quick to anger I make over $30,000 annually I am exhausted I am stressed I leave work early

6. Unidimensionality -- Stress Index I have trouble sleeping I have had a change in appetite I am quick to anger I hate my job My job is rewarding I am exhausted I am stressed I leave work early

7. General or Specific -- Stress Index I am stressed I am anxious I feel depressed or blue I have had a change in appetite I am quick to anger I am exhausted I have trouble sleeping

8. Variance -- Stress Index In the last year did you experience any of the following stressful life events: ◦ my spouse or significant other died ◦ I was fired from my job ◦ I went on vacation ◦ I went to jail ◦ I was divorced or split with a significant other

9. Scale Construction -- Bogardus Social Distance Scale Are you willing to permit Albanians to live in your country? Are you willing to permit Albanians to live in you community? Are you willing to let an Albanian to live next to you? Would you let your child marry an Albanian?

10. Scale Construction -- Thurstone Scales Try to establish clear intensity intervals Uses a panel of judges to rank a large number of indicators in intensity from 1- 10 Rankings and intensity is seen in individuals by highest level of agreement of ordered items

11. Scale Construction -- Semantic Differentials EnjoyableUnenjoyable Very Much Some- what Neither Very Much Some- what SimpleComplex HarmonicDiscordant ModernTraditional Semantic Differential: Feelings about Music Selections

12. Likert Scaling Today typically thought of as response categories ranging from 1) Strongly Disagree 2) Disagree 3) Neutral 4) Agree 5) Strongly Agree Unambiguously Ordinal Usually summed and an index score is assigned to each individual

13. Guttman Scaling

15. Typologies A nominal level variable Constructed to classify and order data cases on at least two variables