1. Management Information Systems MANAGING THE DIGITAL FIRM, 12 TH EDITION GLOBAL EDITION Key System Applications for the Digital Age Session 3 Lec 2

2. Management Information Systems How do enterprise systems help businesses achieve operational excellence? How do supply chain management systems coordinate planning, production, and logistics with suppliers? How do customer relationship management systems help firms achieve customer intimacy? What is the role of knowledge management and knowledge management programs in business? What are the challenges posed by enterprise applications? Learning Objectives CHAPTER 9: ACHIEVING OPERATIONAL EXCELLENCE AND CUSTOMER INTIMACY: ENTERPRISE APPLICATIONS 2

3. Management Information Systems Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) 3

4. Management Information Systems Enterprise Systems – Also called “enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems” – Suite of integrated software modules and a common central database – Collects data from many divisions of firm for use in nearly all of firm’s internal business activities – Information entered in one process is immediately available for other processes Enterprise Systems CHAPTER 9: ACHIEVING OPERATIONAL EXCELLENCE AND CUSTOMER INTIMACY: ENTERPRISE APPLICATIONS 4

5. Management Information Systems 5 Enterprise Systems

6. Management Information Systems CHAPTER 9: ACHIEVING OPERATIONAL EXCELLENCE AND CUSTOMER INTIMACY: ENTERPRISE APPLICATIONS ERP – Built around thousands of predefined business processes that reflect best practices Finance/accounting: General ledger, accounts payable, etc. Human resources: Personnel administration, payroll, etc. Manufacturing/production: Purchasing, shipping, etc. Sales/marketing: Order processing, billing, sales planning, etc. – To implement, firms: Select functions of system they wish to use Map business processes to software processes – Use software’s configuration tables for customizing Enterprise Systems 6

7. Enterprise Systems brands market shares

8. Management Information Systems Enterprise Systems HOW ENTERPRISE SYSTEMS WORK Enterprise systems feature a set of integrated software modules and a central database that enables data to be shared by many different business processes and functional areas throughout the enterprise. FIGURE 9-1 CHAPTER 9: ACHIEVING OPERATIONAL EXCELLENCE AND CUSTOMER INTIMACY: ENTERPRISE APPLICATIONS 8

9. Management Information Systems Business value of enterprise systems – Increase operational efficiency – Provide firm wide information to support decision making – Enable rapid responses to customer requests for information or products – Include analytical tools to evaluate overall organizational performance Enterprise Systems CHAPTER 9: ACHIEVING OPERATIONAL EXCELLENCE AND CUSTOMER INTIMACY: ENTERPRISE APPLICATIONS 9

10. Management Information Systems Supply Chain Management Systems (SCM) 10

11. Management Information Systems Supply chain: – Network of organizations and processes for: Procuring raw materials Transforming them into products Distributing the products Upstream supply chain: – Firm’s suppliers, suppliers’ suppliers, processes for managing relationships with them Downstream supply chain: – Organizations and processes responsible for delivering products to customers Supply Chain Management Systems CHAPTER 9: ACHIEVING OPERATIONAL EXCELLENCE AND CUSTOMER INTIMACY: ENTERPRISE APPLICATIONS 11

12. Management Information Systems Supply Chain Management Systems NIKE’S SUPPLY CHAIN This figure illustrates the major entities in Nike’s supply chain and the flow of information upstream and downstream to coordinate the activities involved in buying, making, and moving a product. Shown here is a simplified supply chain, with the upstream portion focusing only on the suppliers for sneakers and sneaker soles. FIGURE 9-2 CHAPTER 9: ACHIEVING OPERATIONAL EXCELLENCE AND CUSTOMER INTIMACY: ENTERPRISE APPLICATIONS 12

13. Supply Chain Management Systems

14. Management Information Systems Information and supply chain management – Inefficiencies cut into a company’s operating costs Can waste up to 25% of operating expenses – Just-in-time strategy: Components arrive as they are needed Finished goods shipped after leaving assembly line – Safety stock Buffer for lack of flexibility in supply chain – Bullwhip effect Information about product demand gets distorted as it passes from one entity to next across supply chain Supply Chain Management Systems CHAPTER 9: ACHIEVING OPERATIONAL EXCELLENCE AND CUSTOMER INTIMACY: ENTERPRISE APPLICATIONS 14

15. Management Information Systems Supply chain management systems – Push-based model (build-to-stock) Schedules based on best guesses of demand – Pull-based model (demand-driven) Customer orders trigger events in supply chain – Sequential supply chains Information and materials flow sequentially from company to company – Concurrent supply chains Information flows in many directions simultaneously among members of a supply chain network Supply Chain Management Systems CHAPTER 9: ACHIEVING OPERATIONAL EXCELLENCE AND CUSTOMER INTIMACY: ENTERPRISE APPLICATIONS 15

16. Management Information Systems Supply Chain Management Systems THE BULLWHIP EFFECT The difference between push- and pull-based models is summarized by the slogan, “Make what we sell, not sell what we make.” FIGURE 9-4 CHAPTER 9: ACHIEVING OPERATIONAL EXCELLENCE AND CUSTOMER INTIMACY: ENTERPRISE APPLICATIONS 16

17. Management Information Systems Business value of SCM systems – Match supply to demand – Reduce inventory levels – Improve delivery service – Speed product time to market – Use assets more effectively – Reduced supply chain costs lead to increased profitability – Increased sales Supply Chain Management Systems CHAPTER 9: ACHIEVING OPERATIONAL EXCELLENCE AND CUSTOMER INTIMACY: ENTERPRISE APPLICATIONS 17

18. Management Information Systems Supply Chain Management Systems THE FUTURE INTERNET-DRIVEN SUPPLY CHAIN The future Internet-driven supply chain operates like a digital logistics nervous system. It provides multidirectional communication among firms, networks of firms, and e- marketplaces so that entire networks of supply chain partners can immediately adjust inventories, orders, and capacities. FIGURE 9-5 CHAPTER 9: ACHIEVING OPERATIONAL EXCELLENCE AND CUSTOMER INTIMACY: ENTERPRISE APPLICATIONS 18

19. Electronic data interchange (EDI) based collaboration – Buyer-side solution – Hub-and-spoke system – Serve vertical markets Internet based collaboration – Net marketplaces – Private industrial networks Collaborative Supply Chain

20. Management Information Systems EDI based collaboration

21. Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) Broadly defined communications protocol for exchanging documents among computers – Stage 1: 1970s–1980s—Document automation – Stage 2: Early 1990s—Document elimination – Stage 3: Mid-1990s—Continuous replenishment/access model Today: – EDI provides for exchange of critical business information between computer applications supporting wide variety of business processes

22. Example of EDI

23. Vendor Management Inventory EDI based collaboration

24. Management Information Systems Vendor Managed Inventory (VMI) is a procurement and planning practice in which a company delegate’s key inventory management functions to one or more of its suppliers. Under this arrangement the supplier determines the items, quantities, and delivery schedules on behalf of the customer based on information it receives from the customer’s inventory and procurement systems. Using VMI, manufacturers and distributors can anticipate customer needs and provide inventory more proactively than is possible using traditional procurement methods Vendor Management Inventory 24

25. Vendor Managment Inventory

26. VMI example: E.W.R.Plus ProducerDistributer

27. Topics 1.Net marketplaces: E-distributors E-procurement Exchanges Industry consortia 2.Private industrial networks:

28. Two Main Types of Internet-Based collaboration 1.Net marketplaces: – Bring together potentially thousands of sellers and buyers in single digital marketplace operated over Internet – Transaction-based – Support many-to-many as well as one-to-many relationships 2.Private industrial networks: – Bring together small number of strategic business partner firms that collaborate to develop highly efficient supply chains – Relationship-based – Support many-to-one and many-to-few relationships – Largest form of B2B e-commerce

29. Net Marketplaces Ways to classify Net marketplaces: – Pricing mechanism, nature of market served, ownership By business functionality – What businesses buy (direct vs. indirect goods) – How businesses buy (spot purchasing vs. long-term sourcing) – Four main types E-distributors E-procurement Exchanges Industry consortia

30. Pure Types of Net Marketplaces

31. Private Industrial Networks Private trading exchanges (PTXs) Web-enabled networks for coordination of trans- organizational business processes (collaborative commerce) – Direct descendant of EDI; closely tied to ERP systems – Manufacturing and support industries – Single, large manufacturing firm sponsors network Range in scope from single firm to entire industry Example: Procter & Gamble

32. Characteristics of Private Industrial Networks Objectives include:  Efficient purchasing and selling industry-wide  Industry-wide resource planning to supplement enterprise-wide resource planning  Increasing supply chain visibility  Closer buyer–supplier relationships  Global scale operations  Reducing industry risk by preventing imbalances of supply and demand Focus on continuous business process coordination Typically, focus on single sponsoring company that “owns” the network

33. Private Industrial Networks and Collaborative Commerce Forms of collaboration: – Collaborative resource planning, forecasting, and replenishment (CPFR): Working with network members to forecast demand, develop production plans, and coordinate shipping, warehousing, and stocking activities to ensure that retail and wholesale shelf space is replenished with just the right amount of goods – Demand chain visibility – Marketing coordination and product design Can ensure products fulfill claims of marketing Feedback enables closed loop marketing

34. Private Industrial Networks Collaborative Planning, Forecasting and Replenishment (CPFR)

35. Builds on “best-in-class” VMI implementations Principles: – Builds on the trading partners’ competencies (includes several “scenarios”) – Working off a single forecast which imbeds the retailer’s view (of multiple suppliers’ plans) and the supplier’s view (of multiple retailers’ actions) – Making the whole supply chain more efficient

36. Collaborative Planning, Forecasting and Replenishment (CPFR)

38. Example of SCM: Vendor Managment Inventory

39. VMI example: E.W.R.Plus

40. CPFR

42. Management Information Systems Customer Relationship Management Systems (CRM) 42

43. Management Information Systems Knowing the customer – In large businesses, too many customers and too many ways customers interact with firm Customer relationship management (CRM) systems – Capture and integrate customer data from all over the organization – Consolidate and analyze customer data – Distribute customer information to various systems and customer touch points across enterprise – Provide single enterprise view of customers Customer Relationship Management Systems CHAPTER 9: ACHIEVING OPERATIONAL EXCELLENCE AND CUSTOMER INTIMACY: ENTERPRISE APPLICATIONS 43

44. Management Information Systems Customer Relationship Management Systems CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT (CRM) CRM systems examine customers from a multifaceted perspective. These systems use a set of integrated applications to address all aspects of the customer relationship, including customer service, sales, and marketing. FIGURE 9-6 CHAPTER 9: ACHIEVING OPERATIONAL EXCELLENCE AND CUSTOMER INTIMACY: ENTERPRISE APPLICATIONS 44

45. Management Information Systems CRM software – CRM packages range from niche tools to large-scale enterprise applications – More comprehensive have modules for: Partner relationship management (PRM) – Integrating lead generation, pricing, promotions, order configurations, and availability – Tools to assess partners’ performances Employee relationship management (ERM) – E.g. Setting objectives, employee performance management, performance-based compensation, employee training Customer Relationship Management Systems CHAPTER 9: ACHIEVING OPERATIONAL EXCELLENCE AND CUSTOMER INTIMACY: ENTERPRISE APPLICATIONS 45

46. Management Information Systems CRM packages typically include tools for: – Sales force automation (SFA) E.g. sales prospect and contact information, and sales quote generation capabilities – Customer service E.g. assigning and managing customer service requests; Web-based self-service capabilities – Marketing E.g. capturing prospect and customer data, scheduling and tracking direct-marketing mailings or e-mail Customer Relationship Management Systems CHAPTER 9: ACHIEVING OPERATIONAL EXCELLENCE AND CUSTOMER INTIMACY: ENTERPRISE APPLICATIONS 46

47. Management Information Systems Customer Relationship Management Systems CRM SOFTWARE CAPABILITIES The major CRM software products support business processes in sales, service, and marketing, integrating customer information from many different sources. Included are support for both the operational and analytical aspects of CRM. FIGURE 9-8 CHAPTER 9: ACHIEVING OPERATIONAL EXCELLENCE AND CUSTOMER INTIMACY: ENTERPRISE APPLICATIONS 47

48. Management Information Systems Operational CRM: – Customer-facing applications E.g. sales force automation, call center and customer service support, and marketing automation Analytical CRM: – Analyze customer data output from operational CRM applications – Based on data warehouses populated by operational CRM systems and customer touch points Customer lifetime value (CLTV) Customer Relationship Management Systems CHAPTER 9: ACHIEVING OPERATIONAL EXCELLENCE AND CUSTOMER INTIMACY: ENTERPRISE APPLICATIONS 48

49. Management Information Systems Business value of CRM – Increased customer satisfaction – Reduced direct-marketing costs – More effective marketing – Lower costs for customer acquisition/retention – Increased sales revenue – Reduce churn rate Number of customers who stop using or purchasing products or services from a company. Indicator of growth or decline of firm’s customer base Customer Relationship Management Systems CHAPTER 9: ACHIEVING OPERATIONAL EXCELLENCE AND CUSTOMER INTIMACY: ENTERPRISE APPLICATIONS 49

50. Management Information Systems KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT 50

51. Management Information Systems Knowledge management systems among fastest growing areas of software investment Information economy – 55% U.S. labor force: knowledge and information workers – 60% U.S. GDP from knowledge and information sectors Substantial part of a firm’s stock market value is related to intangible assets: knowledge, brands, reputations, and unique business processes Well-executed knowledge-based projects can produce extraordinary ROI The Knowledge Management Landscape CHAPTER 11: MANAGING KNOWLEDGE 51

52. Management Information Systems Important dimensions of knowledge – Knowledge is a firm asset Intangible Creation of knowledge from data, information, requires organizational resources As it is shared, experiences network effects – Knowledge has different forms May be explicit (documented) or tacit (residing in minds) Know-how, craft, skill How to follow procedure Knowing why things happen (causality) The Knowledge Management Landscape CHAPTER 11: MANAGING KNOWLEDGE 52

53. Management Information Systems Important dimensions of knowledge (cont.) – Knowledge has a location Cognitive event Both social and individual “Sticky” (hard to move), situated (enmeshed in firm’s culture), contextual (works only in certain situations) – Knowledge is situational Conditional: Knowing when to apply procedure Contextual: Knowing circumstances to use certain tool The Knowledge Management Landscape CHAPTER 11: MANAGING KNOWLEDGE 53

54. Management Information Systems To transform information into knowledge, firm must expend additional resources to discover patterns, rules, and contexts where knowledge works Wisdom: – Collective and individual experience of applying knowledge to solve problems – Involves where, when, and how to apply knowledge Knowing how to do things effectively and efficiently in ways others cannot duplicate is prime source of profit and competitive advantage – E.g., Having a unique build-to-order production system The Knowledge Management Landscape CHAPTER 11: MANAGING KNOWLEDGE 54

55. Management Information Systems Nonaka 55

56. Management Information Systems Organizational learning – Process in which organizations learn Gain experience through collection of data, measurement, trial and error, and feedback Adjust behavior to reflect experience – Create new business processes – Change patterns of management decision making The Knowledge Management Landscape CHAPTER 11: MANAGING KNOWLEDGE 56

57. Management Information Systems Knowledge management: Set of business processes developed in an organization to create, store, transfer, and apply knowledge Knowledge management value chain: – Each stage adds value to raw data and information as they are transformed into usable knowledge 1.Knowledge acquisition 2.Knowledge storage 3.Knowledge dissemination 4.Knowledge application The Knowledge Management Landscape CHAPTER 11: MANAGING KNOWLEDGE 57

58. Management Information Systems Knowledge management value chain 1.Knowledge acquisition Documenting tacit and explicit knowledge – Storing documents, reports, presentations, best practices – Unstructured documents (e.g., e-mails) – Developing online expert networks Creating knowledge Tracking data from TPS and external sources The Knowledge Management Landscape CHAPTER 11: MANAGING KNOWLEDGE 58

59. Management Information Systems Knowledge management value chain (cont.) 2.Knowledge storage Databases Document management systems Role of management: – Support development of planned knowledge storage systems – Encourage development of corporate-wide schemas for indexing documents – Reward employees for taking time to update and store documents properly The Knowledge Management Landscape CHAPTER 11: MANAGING KNOWLEDGE 59

60. Management Information Systems Knowledge management value chain (cont.) 3.Knowledge dissemination Portals Push e-mail reports Search engines Collaboration tools A deluge of information? – Training programs, informal networks, and shared management experience help managers focus attention on important information The Knowledge Management Landscape CHAPTER 11: MANAGING KNOWLEDGE 60

61. Management Information Systems Knowledge management value chain (cont.) 4.Knowledge application To provide return on investment, organizational knowledge must become systematic part of management decision making and become situated in decision-support systems – New business practices – New products and services – New markets The Knowledge Management Landscape CHAPTER 11: MANAGING KNOWLEDGE 61

62. Management Information Systems The Knowledge Management Landscape THE KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT VALUE CHAIN Knowledge management today involves both information systems activities and a host of enabling management and organizational activities. FIGURE 11-1 CHAPTER 11: MANAGING KNOWLEDGE 62

63. Management Information Systems New organizational roles and responsibilities – Chief knowledge officer executives – Dedicated staff / knowledge managers – Communities of practice (COPs) Informal social networks of professionals and employees within and outside firm who have similar work-related activities and interests Activities include education, online newsletters, sharing experiences and techniques Facilitate reuse of knowledge, discussion Reduce learning curves of new employees The Knowledge Management Landscape CHAPTER 11: MANAGING KNOWLEDGE 63

64. Management Information Systems 3 major types of knowledge management systems: 1.Enterprise-wide knowledge management systems General-purpose firm-wide efforts to collect, store, distribute, and apply digital content and knowledge 2.Knowledge work systems (KWS) Specialized systems built for engineers, scientists, other knowledge workers charged with discovering and creating new knowledge 3.Intelligent techniques Diverse group of techniques such as data mining used for various goals: discovering knowledge, distilling knowledge, discovering optimal solutions The Knowledge Management Landscape CHAPTER 11: MANAGING KNOWLEDGE 64

65. Management Information Systems The Knowledge Management Landscape MAJOR TYPES OF KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS There are three major categories of knowledge management systems, and each can be broken down further into more specialized types of knowledge management systems. FIGURE 11-2 CHAPTER 11: MANAGING KNOWLEDGE 65

66. Management Information Systems Three major types of knowledge in enterprise 1.Structured documents Reports, presentations Formal rules 2.Semistructured documents E-mails, videos 3.Unstructured, tacit knowledge 80% of an organization’s business content is semistructured or unstructured Enterprise-Wide Knowledge Management Systems CHAPTER 11: MANAGING KNOWLEDGE 66

67. Management Information Systems Enterprise content management systems – Help capture, store, retrieve, distribute, preserve Documents, reports, best practices Semistructured knowledge (e-mails) – Bring in external sources News feeds, research – Tools for communication and collaboration Enterprise-Wide Knowledge Management Systems CHAPTER 11: MANAGING KNOWLEDGE 67

68. Management Information Systems Enterprise-Wide Knowledge Management Systems AN ENTERPRISE CONTENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM An enterprise content management system has capabilities for classifying, organizing, and managing structured and semistructured knowledge and making it available throughout the enterprise. FIGURE 11-3 CHAPTER 11: MANAGING KNOWLEDGE 68

69. Management Information Systems Enterprise content management systems – Key problem – Developing taxonomy Knowledge objects must be tagged with categories for retrieval – Digital asset management systems Specialized content management systems for classifying, storing, managing unstructured digital data Photographs, graphics, video, audio Enterprise-Wide Knowledge Management Systems CHAPTER 11: MANAGING KNOWLEDGE 69

70. Management Information Systems Knowledge network systems – Provide online directory of corporate experts in well-defined knowledge domains – Use communication technologies to make it easy for employees to find appropriate expert in a company – May systematize solutions developed by experts and store them in knowledge database Best-practices Frequently asked questions (FAQ) repository Enterprise-Wide Knowledge Management Systems CHAPTER 11: MANAGING KNOWLEDGE 70

71. Management Information Systems Enterprise-Wide Knowledge Management Systems AN ENTERPRISE KNOWLEDGE NETWORK SYSTEM A knowledge network maintains a database of firm experts, as well as accepted solutions to known problems, and then facilitates the communication between employees looking for knowledge and experts who have that knowledge. Solutions created in this communication are then added to a database of solutions in the form of FAQs, best practices, or other documents. FIGURE 11-4 CHAPTER 11: MANAGING KNOWLEDGE 71

72. Management Information Systems Portal and collaboration technologies – Enterprise knowledge portals: Access to external and internal information News feeds, research Capabilities for e-mail, chat, videoconferencing, discussion – Use of consumer Web technologies Blogs Wikis Social bookmarking Enterprise-Wide Knowledge Management Systems CHAPTER 11: MANAGING KNOWLEDGE 72

73. Management Information Systems Learning management systems – Provide tools for management, delivery, tracking, and assessment of various types of employee learning and training – Support multiple modes of learning CD-ROM, Web-based classes, online forums, live instruction, etc. – Automates selection and administration of courses – Assembles and delivers learning content – Measures learning effectiveness Enterprise-Wide Knowledge Management Systems CHAPTER 11: MANAGING KNOWLEDGE 73

74. Management Information Systems Knowledge work systems – Systems for knowledge workers to help create new knowledge and integrate that knowledge into business Knowledge workers – Researchers, designers, architects, scientists, engineers who create knowledge for the organization – Three key roles: 1.Keeping organization current in knowledge 2.Serving as internal consultants regarding their areas of expertise 3.Acting as change agents, evaluating, initiating, and promoting change projects Knowledge Work Systems CHAPTER 11: MANAGING KNOWLEDGE 74