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The Year of Revolutions
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The people across Europe (and other places) revolted and attempted to overthrow their governments or initiate major reform Revolutions occurred in more than 50 countries STOP! Say something...
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1. Urban Workers: the working class, toiling in the factories, were extremely unhappy Their working and living conditions were awful and they demanded change Angered by the massive divide between rich and poor
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2. The Countryside: Population growth from industrialization had led to food shortages 1845 and 1846 saw a Potato Blight and starvation across Northern Europe (The years of the Irish potato Famine) Farmers were upset as nobles tried to re- establish their dominance after the French Revolution
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3. The Impact of Ideas The French Revolution had spread ideas throughout Europe Also, with a more educated population, the works of 19 th century philosophers were being read and discussed The Big ideas.... Liberalism! Nationalism! Democracy! Socialism! In February 1848, Karl Marx published his “Communist Manifesto”
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A Quote from 1848... “Society was cut in two: those who had nothing united in common envy, and those who had anything united in common terror."
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Louis Philippe was replaced in France by a democratic government However, within four years Louis Napoleon returned France to monarchy
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After Napoleon, Germany was divided in 39 states... Most of which experienced revolution The revolutions were fueled by Nationalism and Freedom of Speech concerns However, the Working Class and Middle Class could not come together to form functioning governments By the end of the year, conservative forces had re-established all of the German princes
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The Austrian Empire was hit hardest by Revolution Each of the different races within Austria rose up in nationalist revolutions (Romanians, Italians, Czechs, Slovaks, Serbs, Poles, Ukrainians etc.) The largest group was the Hungarians, the demonstrations were so large that they were promised a constitution and an elected parliament Metternich was forced to resign! However, with help from Russian troops, the Austrians managed to crush each of these rebellions and bring Hungary back under control However, the passive aggressive actions of Hungary in future years led to a compromise... The Formation of the Austria-Hungarians Empire. Hungary was given special privileges within the Empire (1867)
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Denmark Switzerland Poland Ukraine Brazil And many others!
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Although 1848 was the most turbulent year in History – very little was actually accomplished None of the Revolutions had any lasting success Ultimately, the forces of the Old Regimes all re-established themselves and the most of the people of Europe were still desperate for freedom!
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Why do we bother talking about this? Let’s think about it... If you were a European leader and you experienced this, what would you do know? The repression of the congress system had clearly failed You don’t want to go through this again! In groups, please discuss strategies that you might employ to create a lasting peace and stability.
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