1. CONSOLIDATION OF RAILROADS What is Consolidation? What is Consolidation? Bringing several in to one. Bringing several in to one. Consolidation leads to improvement for the Railroads. Consolidation leads to improvement for the Railroads. HOW DID CONSOLIDATION IMPROVE RAILROADS? HOW DID CONSOLIDATION IMPROVE RAILROADS?

2. 1. STANDARD GAUGE WHAT IS STANDARD GAUGE? WHAT IS STANDARD GAUGE? THE LENGTH BETWEEN THE RAILS WERE MADE THE SAME DISTANCE THROUGHOUT THE UNITED STATES ON ALL RAILROADS. THE LENGTH BETWEEN THE RAILS WERE MADE THE SAME DISTANCE THROUGHOUT THE UNITED STATES ON ALL RAILROADS. GAUGE 4’ 8 1/2 GAUGE 4’ 8 1/2

3. HOW WAS THIS AN IMPROVEMENT 1. SAFER- FEWER ACCIDENTS 2. FASTER- TRAINS DIDN’T HAVE TO STOP AS MUCH.

4. 2. NEW RAILROAD CARS DEVELOPED SLEEPER CARS- SLEEPER CARS- BIGGER LOCOMOTIVES BIGGER LOCOMOTIVES REFRIGERATED CARS REFRIGERATED CARS

5. STEAM ENGINES THE NEWER ENGINES WERE MORE POWERFUL AND COULD PULL MORE RAILROAD CARS. THE NEWER ENGINES WERE MORE POWERFUL AND COULD PULL MORE RAILROAD CARS.

6. HOW WAS THIS AN IMPROVEMENT? TRANSPORT MORE CARGO AND PEOPLE WITH LONGER TRAINS. TRANSPORT MORE CARGO AND PEOPLE WITH LONGER TRAINS. TRANSPORTATION OVER LONG DISTANCES TRANSPORTATION OVER LONG DISTANCES MORE COMFORTABLE RIDE. MORE COMFORTABLE RIDE.

7. 3. STEEL RAILS REPLACED IRON RAILS HOW WAS THIS AN IMPROVEMENT? HOW WAS THIS AN IMPROVEMENT? MORE DURABLE MORE DURABLE SAFER SAFER MORE RAILROAD CARS MORE RAILROAD CARS

8. 4. INSTALLATION OF A SECOND SET OF TRACKS & SIGNALS

10. SWITCH TRACKS

11. RAILROAD SIGNALS

12. HOW WERE THESE 2 THINGS AN IMPROVEMENT TRANSPORTATION OF PEOPLE AND FREIGHT FASTER TRANSPORTATION OF PEOPLE AND FREIGHT FASTER SAFER TRANSPORTATION SAFER TRANSPORTATION

13. 4. GEORGE WESTINGHOUSE INVENTS THE AIRBRAKE How was that an improvement to the railroads? How was that an improvement to the railroads? 1. Longer Trains= More cargo & People 2. Safer Transportation- Didn’t have to rely on several people stopping the train. 3. Faster Transportation= because the brakes are now controlled by the engineer

14. 5. CREATION OF TIMEZONES WHAT ARE TIMEZONES? WHAT ARE TIMEZONES? WHY DID RAILROADS WANT TIMEZONES? WHY DID RAILROADS WANT TIMEZONES? TO COORDINATE SHIPPING, TIMES, AND LIGHT OF THE DAY TO MATCH THE TIME OF THE DAY. TO COORDINATE SHIPPING, TIMES, AND LIGHT OF THE DAY TO MATCH THE TIME OF THE DAY. HOW MANY TIMEZONES ARE THERE AND NAME ALL OF THEM? HOW MANY TIMEZONES ARE THERE AND NAME ALL OF THEM?