1. An Age of Ideologies
4.1

2. Conservatives Prefer the Old Order
Ideologies are systems of thought and belief.

3. Conservatives
In the Concert of Europe, conservatives agreed to work together to support the political and social order that had existed before.
Conservatives wanted to return to the way things were before the French Revolution in 1789.
They wanted to restore the royal families to the thrones they had lost when Napoleon swept across France.

4. Conservatives Conservatives also backed the established church.
They supported a social hierarchy in which lower classes looked up to and respected the higher class.
They thought that natural rights and constitutional government could only lead to chaos.
Opposed freedom of the press and thought protests should be crushed.

5. Answer the Following Questions
1. What was the main goal of the conservatives in the Concert of Europe? Give three examples of how were they going to achieve this?
2. Using the definition of what an ideology is, how is conservatism an ideology?

6. Liberals and Nationalists Seek Change
Liberals were inspired by the Enlightenment. They challenged the conservatives.
Liberalism and Nationalism started many revolts.
Liberals wanted governments to be based on written constitutions and separation of powers.
They defended the Enlightenment ideas of natural rights of people, liberty, equality, and property. Also that there should be a separation of powers and that government is responsible to the people.
They called for rulers to be elected by the people.

7. Liberalism
The role of government was to protect basic rights like freedom of thought, speech, and religion.
Later they supported the idea of universal manhood suffrage, giving all adult men the right to vote.
They supported the ideas of Adam Smith. They saw the free market as an opportunity for business people to succeed.

8. Nationalism
In the 1800’s, national groups that shared a common heritage set out to win their own states.
Nationalism gave people with a common heritage a sense of identity and the goal of creating their own homeland.
Nationalism also gave rise to intolerance and led to persecution of other groups.

9. Questions 3. How did liberalism reflect Enlightenment ideals?
4. Identify the goals of liberals.
5. What were the goals of nationalists?

10. Central Europe Challenges the Old Order
Rebellions erupted in the Balkans, southeastern Europe.
This area was inhabited by various groups who had lived under Ottoman rule for hundreds of years.
The first Balkan people to revolt were the Serbs.
The Serb leader Karageorge led a war against the Ottomans.
It was unsuccessful but led to a revival of Serbian identity and a feeling of nationalism.

11. Serbs
1815 Milos Obrenovic led the Serbs in a second successful rebellion.
Russian support helped the Serbs win autonomy, or self-rule with the Ottoman empire.

12. Greece Revolts 1821 Greeks revolted to end Ottoman rule.
Greeks had the support of romantic writers such as Lord Byron.
Admirers of Greece backed the Greek rebels.
By 1830 Greece was independent.
The European powers forced the Greeks to accept a German king.

13. Questions 6. How were the two Serbian uprisings different?
7. Who supported the Greeks? Who did the Greeks revolt against?