1. Chapter 9
Surface water
Mars

2. Water- the most effective erosion agent
Running water-
Ex: rain, snow, rivers, lakes

3. Running water (RW) can erode rock in two ways
1.) Mechanical erosion and or 2.) Chemical erosion
1.) Mechanical erosion
a.) Abrasion- grinding action of sand, pebbles,even boulders used as cutting agents on one another by the force of moving water = rounded edges and smooth surfaces.
Petoskey stones

4. 2.) Chemical Erosion
(RW) easily dissolves soluble minerals ex: Limestone, marble, sandstone,
Potholes chemical erosion may dissolve large pits in a river bed and mechanical erosion may scour out a bowl-like basin
Rivers carry rock in three ways = stream load

5. 1.) Soluble minerals are dissolved in “solution” (dissolved load)
2.)Suspended load: Small particles of
Dissolved load
Suspended load

6. 3.) Larger particles=
turbulence
Dissolved load
Suspended load
Bed Load
Estimation: U.S rivers carry their stream load: ¼ dissolved load ½ Suspended Load and ¼ Bed Load

7. Stream carrying power =
Velocity depends on
Flood stage= tremendous increase in volume and depth of water which increases velocity, therefore the carrying power of the river can be increased hundreds of times
1.) Rivers do most of their erosional change at this stage
2.)They usually remove all sediments from floor and dig deep into bedrock ex: Mississippi river

8. River Valleys
1.) Young rivers-
Also, upper valley walls widen by weathering and erosion.
2.) Mature (old)
Canyons= valleys with steep, almost vertical sides (AKA) Gorges or Chasms

9. Erosion from rains form small valleys (gullies) and/or small rivers
Erosion from rains form small valleys (gullies) and/or small rivers. If rain stops, gullies remain. Next rain, gully grows in length, depth, and width=

10. Divides- High land separating one gully or river from the next
River system- a river and all of its tributaries.

11. Water shed (drainage basin)- Ex 1.) Rocky mtns.- Continental divide
Or to the gulf of Mexico
W to Pacific
East to Atlantic

12. 2.) Mississippi river watershed-

13. (stream capture):
1.) Two river systems
2.) Continual erosion causes
(occurs often!!!!)
Stream Piracy
Before
After B A B A

14. River movement as a river cuts deeper into its bed,
Deposition (slow side)
Younger rivers are
Older rivers are
Meanders-
*As erosion continues a loop forms (2 way path).
In time, sediments fill in and cut off the loop forming an
Erosion (fast side)

15. Delta-

16. Similarly when swift mountain streams reach level land at the base of the mountain an ALLUVIAL FAN (AF) forms. (AF’s) consist of coarse sediments.
(AF’s) and ‘s are similar: Fan shaped, deposits of sediments by rivers

17. (AF’s) differ from deltas
1.) AF’s are on
2.) AF’s have larger
3.)AF’s are on more of a

18. Flooding- during flood stage,
Slower (depositional)
Slower (depositional)
Faster (erosional)
Sediments settle out
Sediments settle out

19. Floodplain-
Floodplain
Floodplain

20. Flash Flood- a single rain
*Most rivers flood only with several days of steady rain/fast snow melting
*Because most rivers drain large areas of land, they may flood areas far from the actual source of water
*Dams can cause flooding- manmade or natural (ice,landslide,volcano) when they break the reservoir drains

21. Flood prevention
1.) Leave
2.) Reforest and replanting
3.) Damming tributaries
4.) Artificial levees (temporary)
5.) Spillways-