1. © 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers Patterns of Organization Patterns of organization show the relationships between ideas in sentences and passages. Here are some more patterns: –Comparison-and-contrast pattern –Cause-and-effect pattern –Generalization-and-example pattern

2. © 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers The Comparison Pattern The comparison pattern points out the ways in which two or more ideas are alike. My dog snorts and smacks when she eats; she sounds just like a pig! Hypnotism works as well as nicotine chewing gum or patches to help some people quit smoking.

3. © 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers Comparison Signal Words Alike As well as Both Equally In a similar fashion In like manner In the same way Just as Just like Like Likewise Resemble Same Similar Similarity Similarly

4. © 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers The Contrast Pattern The contrast pattern points out the ways two or more ideas are different. Examples of contrast signal words are: different, but, yet, conversely, yet, while. See the chart in your book for more examples of contrast signal words.

5. © 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers The Contrast Pattern Examples Resist honking your horn at annoying drivers; instead, give them room, leave them alone, and be thankful for your own driving skills. Most television programs are geared for mindless enjoyment, yet good shows full of interesting information are becoming more common.

6. © 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers The Comparison-Contrast Pattern The comparison-contrast pattern shows how two things are similar, how they are different, or both. Although high school and college seem similar, they differ in one major way. Both high school and college are important places of learning. However, unlike high school students, college students attend by their own choice.

7. © 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers Comparison or Contrast? Sandy and muddy shores appear empty of life at low tide, in contrast to the abundant life found on rocky shores. Unlike European railroads, the American railway system grew without government regulations or planning.

8. © 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers The Cause-and-Effect Pattern The cause-and-effect pattern states why something happens (the cause) and then states a result or outcome (the result). Examples of cause-and-effect signal words are: accordingly, because, leads to, since, so, thus. See the chart in your book for more examples of cause-and-effect signal words.

9. © 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers The Cause-and-Effect Pattern The ancient Greeks believed that humans have two kinds of flaws; these flaws always lead to the downfall of a hero. One cause of a hero’s fall is due to the limits that come with being human; people are just not perfect by nature. A hero also faces failure because of extreme pride.

10. © 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers The Generalization-and-Example Pattern The author makes a general statement and then offers an example or a series of examples to clarify the generalization. Many classes teach worthwhile skills. For instance, math teaches problem-solving skills. Green plants living indoors help keep the air clean. For example, the corn plant absorbs many household chemicals.

11. © 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers Signal Words As an illustration For example For instance Including Once Such as To illustrate Typically

12. © 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers Textbook Skills: The Definition Pattern Authors often include a definition of the new or special term in their textbook. Then to make the word or concept clear, they will also give examples.

13. © 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers Definition In the 1970’s and 1980’s, movies began to advertise through product placement. Product placement is the act of charging a fee to place a product in a movie in a way that attracts attention. For example, Starbucks Coffee had to pay a product placement fee to have its logo appear in Mike Myers’s 1999 film Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me. Example: 1.Starbucks Coffee 2.Signal word: example

14. © 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers Example words signal that a writer is giving an instance of a general idea to clarify a point. As an illustration For example For instance Including Once Such as To illustrate To compete in basketball, a player needs many skills, such as quick thinking, running speed, jumping power, and sharp aim.

15. © 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers Review Comparison points out the ways two or more ideas are alike. Contrast points out the ways two or more ideas are different. The words like, similarly, and likewise show the comparison pattern.

16. © 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers Review A cause states why something happens. An effect states a result or outcome. An author will often begin with the cause and then give the effects. The phrases as a result, leads to, and therefore show the cause-and-effect pattern.

17. © 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers Review Example words signal that a writer is giving an instance of a general idea to clarify a point. Definition explains the meaning of new, difficult, or special terms. Examples often follow a definition to show how the word is used or applied.