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INTRO. TO ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY Chapter 1
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Functions of all Living Things 1. Organization 2. Metabolism 1.Absorb materials Digestion Digestion 2.Respiration Circulation Circulation 3.Excretion 3. Responsiveness 4. Growth 5. Development 6. Reproduction
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Anatomy & PhysiologyGross DevelopmentalMicroscopic Physiology Surface Specialty Systemic Regional Embryology Congenital Defects Cell Histophysiology System Pathological Cytology Histology Medical Radiographic Surgical
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Levels of Organization Chemical/ Molecular Cellular Tissue Organ System Organism
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11 Major Organ Systems 1. Integumentary 2. Skeletal 3. Muscular 4. Lymphatic 5. Respiratory 6. Digestive 7. Nervous 8. Endocrine 9. Cardiovascular 10. Urinary 11. Reproductive
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Frame of Reference Superficial Anatomy 1. Anatomical Landmarks Anatomical Position -Supine- face up -Prone- face down 2. Anatomical Regions Abdominopelvic quadrants (R/L- U&LQ) Abdominopelvic regions (9)
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Frames of Reference Superficial Anatomy 3. Anatomical Directions a. Front: ventral, anterior b. Back: dorsal, posterior c. Head: cranial, cephalic, superior d. Tail: caudal, inferior e. Medial: close to long axis f. Lateral: away from long axis g. Proximal: toward attached base h. Distal: away from attached base
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Sectional Anatomy Human Planes & Sections 1. Transverse/ Cross sxn Inf & sup 2. Frontal/ Coronal Ant/ ventral from post/ dorsal (animal: Ven/ Dl) 3. Sagittal Right from left Mid Sagittal
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Body Cavities 1. Cavity: organ chambers 2. Functions: a)Protects & cushions b)Organ size/ shape changes 3. Dorsal Body Cavity a)Cranial b)Spinal 4. Ventral Body Cavity a)Thoracic- diaphragm Pleural Pericardial Mediastinum b)Abdominopelvic/ Peritoneal Abdominal Pelvic
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Serous membranes Membranes that line trunk cavities and cover the organs in those cavities Two layers VISCERAL: Inner layer in contact with organ PARIETAL: OUTER PART OF WALL Space in between usually filled with fluid Balloon model
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Homeostasis & System Integration 1. Homeostasis: Systems maintain stable internal envmt A. Negative Feedback (temperature, insulin) Oppose altered conditions Autoregulation- automatic change Extrinsic regulation- nervous or endocrine response when autoreg. fails B. Positive Feedback (clotting, labor) Reinforces stimulus/ conditions C. Disease Homeostasis regulation breaks down
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Negative & Positive Feedback Negative Feedback Positive Feedback
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Clinical Technology 1. X-Rays High energy radiation 2. CT (Computerized Tomography) Scans 3D image by rotating x-ray source 3. MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) Magnetic field & radio waves 4. Ultrasound (AKA Sonogram) High freq. sound waves
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