1. Chapter 9 Life in Industrial Age

2. I. Industrial Revolution Spreads New Industrial Powers Emerge Belgium becomes first nation to industrialize after Britain Nations race to Industrialize [Mid 1800’s] Germany, France and the United States They borrowed Britain’s experts or technology. Abundant natural Resources like Britain Germany and the U.S. Germany became a powerful nation in 1871 By 1900, the United States makes about 30 percent of the world’s industrial goods.

3. Questions How did Britain’s Technology get to Germany and the United States? What percentage of the worlds manufactured goods did the United States produce in 1900?

4. Uneven Development Eastern and Southern Europe industrialized more slowly because they lacked natural resources and capital to invest in industry Russia had resources, but social and political conditions slowed economic development Japan rapidly industrialized after 1868 from a political revolution that made modernization a priority Effects of Industrialization Rapid urbanization. Men, women and children worked long hours in difficult and dangerous conditions Demand for goods created jobs, building of cities, railroads and factories Political changes to change with the demand of industrial society

5. II. Technology Sparks Industrial Growth Steel and Bessemer process Henry Bessemer developed a new process for making steel from iron. Steel was lighter, harder and more durable than iron = produced very cheaply. Steel became material for tools, bridges, and railroads. Countries measured success in steel output. 1880 German Steel mills 5 million tons of steel a yr. 1910 15 million a yr.

6. Innovations in Chemistry Alfred Nobel invented dynamite. An explosive used in construction and later in warfare. Dynamite earned Nobel a huge fortune, he willed for the Famous Nobel Prizes still awarded today

7. Electric Power Replaces Steam Late 1800’s new power source – Electricity – replaces steam as the dominant source of industrial power. Alessandro Volta developed the first battery around 1800 Michael Faraday created the first simple electric motor and the first dynamo, a machine that generates electricity. All electrical generators and transformers work from Faraday’s dynamo. Thomas Edison– first electric light bulb. Edison’s Incandescent lights illuminated whole cities

8. New Methods of Production Interchangeable parts Identical components that could be used in place of one another Interchangeable parts made it easier to assemble and repair products Assembly Line Workers add parts to a product while it moves along a belt from one station to the next Production was much faster, tasks divided labor and was more efficient Took joy out of the work itself.

9. III. Transportation and Communication Advances Automobile Nikolaus Otto, invented a gasoline-powered internal combustion engine Karl Benz – patented the first automobile, (three wheels) Called “horseless carriages” quickly transformed transportation Henry Ford – made a model taking speeds of 25 miles per hour. Ford used assembly line to mass-produce cars, U.S. Becomes leader in automobile industry.

10. Airplanes Orville and Wilbur Wright 1903, Designed a flimsy airplane at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina.  it only flew for a few seconds 1920’s commercial passenger travel starts Rapid Communication Samuel F.B. Morse develops the telegraph in 1844. Sends coded messages over wires with electricity Guglielmo Marconi invents the radio in the 1890’s Morse Code 

11. IV. Business Takes a New Direction Big Business – a business that finances, manufactures, distributes goods. Some Businesses controlled entire industries [monopolies] Rise of Big business New technology needed investment or capital. To get capital business owners sold stock or shares of their companies to investors. [investors would own part of company] Large companies need so much capital = sell thousands of stocks. The businesses formed corporations. Owned by investors who buy shares of stock.

12. Move Toward Monopolies Monopolies – huge corporate structures that control entire industries or areas of the economy. Alfred Krupp – steelmaking business bought up competition, supply lines and raw materials John D. Rockefeller built Standard Oil Company into an Empire. Controlled oil wells, oil refineries and oil pipelines He dominated the American petroleum industry Companies destroyed competing companies. No competition = prices set by monopoly [high prices= more money] Corporations joined forces = Cartel to fix prices and control markets

13. Move Toward Regulation Krupps and Rockefellers seen as “captains of industry” Capitalists – invested their wealth in industry employing thousands of workers, added to general prosperity Seen by others as “robber barons” Destroying competition, damaging free-enterprise system or laissez-faire economy. Government by 1900’s move against monopolies Set up laws to prevent monopolies and regulate large corporations.