1. Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote

2. Life Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Bacteria Archea Protist Fungi Plants
1st division
Life
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
Bacteria
Archea
Protist
Fungi
Plants
Animals

3. Prokaryotes Found in bacteria and archaea kingdoms
Characteristics include
1-10μm(micrometer-one millionth of a meter)
lack a true nucleus so keep DNA in nucleoids
no membrane bound nucleus or organelles
many are anaerobic so they do not require O2
Unicellular
Have a cell wall(peptidoglycan)

4. Eukaryotes Found in protists, plants, fungi, and animal kingdoms
Characteristics include μm
Presence of a nucleus
Presence of membrane bound organelles
Ex: mitochondria is an organelle that gives energy
most are aerobic so they require O2 for cellular respiration
most are multicellular

5. Summary chart Prokaryotes Eukaryotes 1-10 μm Lack a true nucleus
No membrane bound organelles or nucleus
Many are anaerobic
Unicellular
Have a cell wall
Eukaryotes μm
Presence of a nucleus
Has membrane bound organelles
Most are aerobic
Mostly multicellular (pluricellular)

6. Viruses Debate over whether viruses are “alive”
Arguments that they are not-living
Cannot live independently (require a host or remain dormant) (parasites of living cells!!)
Not Cellular
Arguments that they are living
Contain genetic material (RNA and DNA)
Reproduce

7. Classifying viruses 1) Classification based on capsid Spherical
protein coat that surrounds
the genetic material of a virus
Spherical
Cylindrical
Crystalline

8. 2) Classification based on diseases they cause
Viruses that affect humans are divided into 21 groups based on the differences in their genome and replication methods

10. How viruses replicate (no cellular division)
1) The Lytic Cycle
kills host cell
5-step process:
Virus binds itself to host cell (attachment)
Injects the viral genetic material into the host cell (entry)
The host replicates the viral genetic material (replication)
New viral particles are assembled (assembly)
The host cell breaks (lysis) and releases new viral particles (release) which can go infect other cells.

11. The Lytic Cycle 1. Attachment 2. Entry 3. Replication 4. Assembly
5.a) Lysis
b) Release

12. How viruses replicate (cont’d)
2) The Lysogenic Cycle
Viral RNA becomes part of the cells chromosomes. It does not take over the cell but the RNA gets copied with the cell. The onset of disease can be postponed until the virus goes into its lytic cycle
b)Process
Attachment
Entry
Viral DNA becomes part of the host cell’s chromosomes (provirus formation)

13. The Lysogenic Cycle
Attachment
Entry
Provirus Formation

14. Viral disease Cyclical symptoms can be explained by
the replication method of a virus
ex. cold sores
appear during the lytic cycle
disappear during the lysogenic replication
cycle
(Virus is always in a person, never goes away so always susceptible to cold sores)

15. Virus working for us 1) Gene therapy Virus use in biotechnology:
i) addition of a specific gene into the virus
ii) virus can deliver and force organism to replicate that gene
iii) “typos” corrected ex. Parkinsons

16. viruses attack bacteria
2) Bacteriophages
viruses attack bacteria
(45 min = 200 new viruses)

17. kills cancer cells 3) Reovirus (Respiratory Enteric Orphan Virus)
-head, neck, lung, liver cancers
- few side effects

18. Prions Protein Do not contain RNA or DNA (not a virus)
Becomes harmful when it changes its molecular shape
-because they can cause several deadly brain diseases such as:
Creutzfeld-Jakob disease
Mad-cow disease in bovine