1. Nanotechnologies for Environmental Benefit Jim Tankersley, Research Scientist Battelle Memorial Institute Wednesday, April 27 th 2004 NDIA 30 th Environmental and Energy Symposium and Exhibition

2. Introduction One nanometer = a billionth of a meter = 1/75,000th the width of human hair Signals the possibility of significant and dramatic advances in  biotechnology (health)  defense  information storage and processing  cosmetics  coatings  displays  batteries  fuel cells  electronics and more

3. A Brief History of Nanotechnology Smalley Feynman In 1959, Richard Feynman of CalTech gave a talk entitled "There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom.“ "Carbon exists in two allotropic forms, graphite and diamond" In the 1980s/90s, a team led by Richard Smalley manipulated Carbon atoms to create Fullerenes (“Buckyballs”)

4. Current State of Nanotechnology (1999) President Clinton announces National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI)  First formal government program to accelerate the pace of research, development and commercialization of nanoscale applications. (2001) European Union approved budget > €16B ($20B) for R&D under EU Framework Programme.  Nanotechnology, a major theme and priority, was slated to receive nearly 10% of this funding allocation. Japan, Taiwan, Singapore, China, Israel and Switzerland have all begun similar measures  Shaping up to be the first truly “global” race of the 21st century

5. Funding History of the NNI FY 2001 (Year 1) FY 2002 (Year 2) Appropriation FY 2003 (Year 3) Request Department/AgencyAppropriationActual2/4/02total2/4/02total DOD110123180201 DOE9387.9591.1139.3 DOJ1.4 DOT (FAA)022 EPA555 NASA2022 462251 NIH3939.640.843.2 NIST1033.437.643.8 NSF150 199221 USDA1.50 02.5 Total422463.85578.9604.4678.7710.2

6. DoD Funding History of Nanotechnology FY 2001 (Actual) FY 2002 (Current Plan) FY 2003 (Request) 6.16.2/6.36.16.2/6.36.16.2/6.3 DUSD - Research 362628- DARPA28129881190 Army6182 5 Air Force6487135 Navy31211265 Total10716829896105

7. Historical Environmental Uses of Nanotechnology Carbon Black Photography Petrochemical Industry Food & Drink Packaging  Retard Spoilage  Extend Shelf Life

8. Environmental research has focused on remediation efforts and contaminant treatment  Nanoscale bimetallic particles & in situ remediation  Undesirable byproducts (dichloroethylenes, vinyl chloride) Increase efficiencies of current methods Photosensitive nanoparticles  Ecopaint Nanoscale metallic particles Chlorinated Hydrocarbons benign hydrocarbons  PCBs, some pesticides, and halogenated solvents Environmental Nanotechnology Today

9. Emerging Technologies and Nanotechnology Chemical Sensors  Single-walled Nanotube Human Health & the Environment  Disinfectant Spray Nanotube

10. Nanotechnology and Pollution Prevention Increase efficiencies of manufacturing processes (e.g., computer chips) Increased energy efficiency  Energy-efficient Lighting (LED Technology)  Glass Insulation Solar Cell and Fuel Cell Technology  Polymer-based Solar Panels  Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cell Technology

11. Nanotechnology and Pollution Prevention Nanocomposites  Automobile Manufacturing  Housing Construction  Remediation of Lead Contamination Nanotechnology and Coatings  Ultraviolet (UV) curable resins  Resins with low to no VOCs  Controlled-release gel additives for corrosion resistance

12. Ethical and Political Issues New environmental problems?  New Toxins  Inhalation Hazards Center for Biological and Environmental Nanotechnology  Most common irritants <2.5mm  Nanoscale ≈ Hemoglobin, Viruses Public Perception  Accuracy of Information

13. Ethical and Political Issues Testimony of Dr. Vicki L. Colvin Director, Center for Biological and Environmental Nanotechnology (CBEN) and Associate Professor of Chemistry Rice University, Houston, Texas before the U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Science in regard to "Nanotechnology Research and Development Act of 2003," April 9, 2003 The GMO Experience and Public Relations “The campaign against GMOs was successful despite the lack of sound scientific data demonstrating a threat to society. In fact, I argue that the lack of sufficient public scientific data on GMOs, whether positive or negative, was a controlling factor in the industry's fall from favor. The failure of the industry to produce and share information with public stakeholders left it ill-equipped to respond to GMO detractors. This industry went, in essence, from "wow" to "yuck" to "bankrupt." There is a powerful lesson here for nanotechnology.”