1. 2007. 6. 6 The Environmental Evaluation Method of Coastal Land Reclamation: Case Study of Korea Sung-Soon Yoon, Jin-Sook Yoon Chul-Oh Shin, Myung-Gook Jeong

2. II. Present State of Coastal Area Reclamation Ⅰ. Coastal Area Reclamation Management System III. Policy Direction for Coastal Area Reclamation Management IV. Evaluation Method of Coastal Area Reclamation

3. I. Coastal Area Reclamation Management System

4.  Applicable act : Public Waters Reclamation Act  Purpose – Promote public interests – Contribute to the development of national economy * In an environment-friendly manner  Contents – Reclamation Plan : Propriety Inspection (5yr and 10yr) – Reclamation License : Procedures, Standards, Essential particular, Charge – Reclamation Construction · Compensation · Acquisition of ownership – Other : Revocation, Recovery, Penalty  Other acts : 50 Individual Acts Legal System

5. Procedures for Reclamation Task National Framework Plan Every 10yr(by Minister of MOMAF) License of Public Waters Reclamation Administrative Agency : Ministry of Agriculture, Local Government, Regional Marine Affairs Office Authorization Authorization Agency : Ministry of Agriculture, Local Government, Regional Marine Affairs Office Take up Construction According to Authorization Completion Authorization Administrative Agency : Ministry of Agriculture, Local Government, Regional Marine Affairs Office Consultation with MOCT, MOE, MAF, MND Consultation with MCT, MOE, MAF, MND Related agencies Consultation with MCT, MOE, MAF, MND Price valuation for the Reclamation site

6. Related Agencies  Framework Plan, Modification, Cancel : Minister of MOMAF  License · Approval · Consultation, Authorization of individual plan, Completion authorization – Harbor zone : head of regional marine affairs office – Agricultural & livestock use : Minister of MAF – River : head of regional construction management office – Other area : head of a Si/Do governor

7. Ⅱ. Present State of Coastal Area Reclamation in Korea

8. Present State  Reclamation record (1980~2005) (Unit : Case, ㎢) LicenseCompletion Under- construction Invalidation Case㎢ ㎢ ㎢ ㎢ Total3471,4101891381521,06360.7 National761538736820.2 Regional11523463155021820.06 Public entity611,05127933475100 Civilian931086021318520.5 Educational institution 22910.0210.00800

9. The Case of Gwanyang Bay  Variation of inner bay area – 245.1㎢ (1924)→158.5㎢ (2002) : 35.3% decrease

10. Ⅲ. Policy Direction for Coastal Area Reclamation Management

11. Change of the social demand for reclamation  The point at issue by reclamation – Increase in social conflict: Development vs. Conservation, Compensation for damage – Decrease in ecosystem resources: Decrease of habitat, marine, and fishery resources – Continual Coastal Artificialization: Change of natural environment due to geographical alteration, damage control of natural catastrophe  Change of social acknowledgement – The objective of use for social & economic benefits – Short-term economic development → Recognition of long-term and potential value – Discovery of various values in coastal environment

12.  Reflecting the Change of Policy Demand due to the Increase in Conservation Value of Coastal Area – Reduction in reclamation scales and the number of licenses  Propriety Evaluation for the 2nd Framework Plan – Extensive review for the 2nd Plan ’ s approval areas and new application areas – Active response to the changes of surrounding circumstances, a reclamation demand, and social acknowledgement 1st Framework Plan (1991~2001) 2nd Framework Plan (2001~2010) Approval459 area(960.669㎢ )222 area(38.245㎢ ) Note313 individual license(68.2%)44 individual license(19.8% in process) Change of the social demand for reclamation

13. Amendment of Reclamation Act  Changing the legal name – Reclamation Act → Restriction of Reclamation and Landfill Site Management Act  Restrict the legal fiction – Abolition of the legal fiction articles – Integrated management using the framework plan  Restriction of modifying the original reclamation plan – A change of the framework plan, restricted to common use or public use  Hearing opinion of interested person – Reflecting opinions of relevant stakeholders and experts in the process of establishing framework plan and reclamation license → resolve conflicts and drive the project forward effectively  Verifying the sound utilization of the landfill sites  Crystallizing the responsibility for the full restoration

14. Ⅳ. Evaluation Method of Coastal Area Reclamation

15. Present State of Property Analysis  Legal Basis : Public Waters Reclamation Act article 8  Subject of Evaluation : 160 site  Contents – Common condition : end user, protection area, document review – General condition : PSIR index analysis – Special condition : opinion of related experts Subject of evaluationNumber of cases Approved sites under the 2 nd framework plan11 Additional request sites after the 2 nd framework plan6 Second request sites after the 1 st framework plan28 Newly applied sites115 Total160

16. Evaluation Procedures  1 st step : Existence of an end user – Exclude if not from the end user ’ s  2 nd step : Existence of nature protection area – Exclude from the further consideration  3 rd step : Inspection of submitted documents – Location, scale, blueprint, land-utilization plan, economic considerations, opinion of local council, etc.  4 th step : Evaluation through sustainable development index – Inducing the overall evaluation hierarch using the sustainable development index of UN CSD & OECD – Decide the indicators ’ weight using the AHP method  5 th step : Experts ’ opinion – Based on field inspection

17. Sustainable Development Index  Pressure – Social/Economic Impact  State – State of Marine Environment – Natural Disaster  Impact – Social Impact – Marine Environmental/ Ecological Impact – Safety – Value of Public Asset  Response – Reclamation purpose – Reclamation pertinence Sub-indicatorEvaluation standards Pressure indicator Social, Economic condition (4) -rate of population growth -number of tourist (increasing rate) -industrial development -economic effect -costal area average -industrial LQ index -Benefit/Cost index State indicator State of Marine Environment (5) -water quality, environment /habitat environment -habitat, ecosystem -environmental state of near area -existence of river -natural coast ratio -water quality(Ⅰ,Ⅱ/Ⅲ) /indicator animal -native plants/animal -grade(Ⅰ,Ⅱ/Ⅲ,Ⅳ,Ⅴ) -existence/nonexistence -national average Natural Disaster (3) -existence of possible natural disaster -frequency of natural disaster -erosion of neighboring area -existence/nonexistence -5yr national average -occurrence of erosion during the 5yr Impact indicator Social Impact (4) -industrial impact -access right on the coastal area -living environment -public conflict -fishery right -nature of development plan -outbreak of air pollution -existence/nonexistence Marine Environmental/ ecological impact (4) -change of water quality/ecosystem -current change -wetland ratio -natural coast ratio after landfill -water quality/damages on habitat -0.5m/sec variation -ratio -national average Safety(2) -safety on the landfill site -safety on the surrounding area -30yr national average Value of Public Asset(2) -public facilities ratio -local government area -(road + green area + park) ratio -public area ratio Response indicator Reclamation Purpose (3) -conformity on the regional coastal area management plan -conformity on the specific use area -conformity on the related legal plan -regional plan -specific use area -related legal plan Pertinences (4) -plan ’ s basis -necessity of landfill -reduction of environmental damages -complementary measures -existence of legal basis -justification -reduction measures -existence of complementary measures

18. Evaluation Result  Distribution of marks – Inspection of submitted documents (3 rd step) : 0.3 – Evaluation through sustainable development index (4 th step) : 0.5 – Experts ’ opinion (5 th step) : 0.2  Final result – Approve requirement : above 0.5 total score – Approve rate : 26% ( 42 sites / 160 sites )

19. Significance of Research  Application quantitative analysis – Improve objectivity – Develop the various evaluation methods  Positive Conservation of Coastal Environment – Multi-phase evaluation – Control the demand for reclamation  Reduction of Conflicts between Stake-holders – Objective evaluation of property – Participation of various specialists