1. 2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM e-mail: Assoc.Prof.Dr. Ahmet Zafer Şenalp e-mail: azsenalp@gmail.comazsenalp@gmail.com Mechanical Engineering Department Gebze Technical University ME 521 Computer Aided Design

2. 2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM 2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM What Is A Computer? An electronic device that receives data, processes data, stores data, and produces a result (output). A collection of electronic circuits, which can be on or off (open or closed). Any computer- regardless of its type- is controlled by programmed instructions, which gives the machine a purpose and tell it what to do. Dr. Ahmet Zafer Şenalp ME 521 2Mechanical Engineering Department, GTU COMPUTER SYSTEM

3. 2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM 2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM These two states of the circuit are represented by two digits, 0 and 1. o Called the binary system. o Combining bits (0 and 1), you can represent any character or number. Dr. Ahmet Zafer Şenalp ME 521 3Mechanical Engineering Department, GTU COMPUTER SYSTEM

4. 2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM 2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM 1.PERSONAL COMPUTER 2.MAINFRAME COMPUTER 3.MINICOMPUTER 4.SUPER COMPUTER Dr. Ahmet Zafer Şenalp ME 521 4Mechanical Engineering Department, GTU TYPES OF COMPUTER

5. The most common types of computer is personal computer A personal computer that is designed to sit on a desk or table. These are the systems you see all around you, in school, homes, and office. Today’s personal computers are more powerful than those of just a few year’s ago. Not only do these machine enable people to do their jobs with greater ease and efficient, but they can be used to communicate, produce music, edit photographs and videos, etc. the main components of the personal computer is the system units. PERSONAL COMPUTER Dr. Ahmet Zafer Şenalp ME 521 5Mechanical Engineering Department, GTU 2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM 2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM

6. MAINFRAME COMPUTER Mainframe computer are used in large organizations such as insurance companies and banks, where many people frequently need to use the same data. In a traditional mainframe environment, each user accesses the mainframe’s resources through a device called a terminal. There are two types of terminals. A dumb terminal does not process or store data; it is simply an input/output device that functions as a window into a computer located somewhere else. An intelligent terminal can perform some processing operations, but it usually does not have any storage. In some mainframe environments, however, workers can use a standard personal computer to access the mainframe. Dr. Ahmet Zafer Şenalp ME 521 6Mechanical Engineering Department, GTU 2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM 2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM

7. MINICOMPUTER First released in the 1960s, minicomputers got their name because of their small size compared to other computer of the day. The capabilities of a minicomputer are somewhere between those of mainframe and personal computers. For this reason minicomputers are often called midrange computers. Dr. Ahmet Zafer Şenalp ME 521 7Mechanical Engineering Department, GTU 2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM 2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM

8. SUPERCOMPUTER Supercomputers are the most powerful computers made, and physically they are some of the largest. These systems can process huge amounts of data, and the fastest supercomputers can perform more than one trillion calculations per second. Dr. Ahmet Zafer Şenalp ME 521 8Mechanical Engineering Department, GTU 2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM 2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM

9. A computer system requires many components to do its job: It requires some device or method to input data so it can be processed. It requires circuit boards and programs to process the data. It needs some type of output device to display the result of its processing. It needs some mechanism for storing data. Dr. Ahmet Zafer Şenalp ME 521 9Mechanical Engineering Department, GTU COMPUTER SYSTEM

10. PARTS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM A complete computer system consists of mainly four parts. 1.Hardware (The computer) 2.Software (Programs) 3.Data (Information) 4. User (People) Dr. Ahmet Zafer Şenalp ME 521 10Mechanical Engineering Department, GTU 2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM 2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM

11. PARTS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM Hardware The mechanical devices that make up the computer are called Hardware. A computer’s hardware consists of interconnected electronic devices that you can use to control the computer’s operation, input, and output. Software Software is a set of instructions that makes the computer perform tasks. In other words we can say that, software tells the computer what to do. Here the program refers to any piece of software. Dr. Ahmet Zafer Şenalp ME 521 11Mechanical Engineering Department, GTU 2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM 2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM

12. PARTS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM Data Data consist of individual facts or pieces of information that by themselves may not make much sense to a person. A computer primary job is to process these tiny pieces of data in various ways, converting them into useful information. Users Peoples are the computer operators, also known as users. One can argue that some computer systems are complete without a person’s involvement; however no computer is totally autonomous. Even if a computer can do its job without a person sitting in front of it, people still design, build, program, and repair computer system. Dr. Ahmet Zafer Şenalp ME 521 12Mechanical Engineering Department, GTU 2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM 2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM

13. Dr. Ahmet Zafer Şenalp ME 521 13Mechanical Engineering Department, GTU COMPUTER HARDWARE

14. 2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM 2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM Dr. Ahmet Zafer Şenalp ME 521 14Mechanical Engineering Department, GTU Common System Components This figure shows several devices that are common components of a computer system.

15. 2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM 2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM System Motherboard The motherboard contains the electronic circuitry of the computer. Components found on the motherboard include  The primary processing chip (CPU)  The memory chips  Expansion slots for system interface cards  Ports for connecting external devices  BIOS chips that control system startup  The circuitry that enables all of these components to communicate Dr. Ahmet Zafer Şenalp ME 521 15Mechanical Engineering Department, GTU COMPUTER SYSTEM

16. 2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM 2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM Dr. Ahmet Zafer Şenalp ME 521 16Mechanical Engineering Department, GTU COMPUTER SYSTEM Example of a Motherboard This figure shows the devices inside a PC case including the motherboard, the power supply, and some storage devices.

17. INFORMATION PROCESSING CYCLE Information processing cycle is a set of steps the computer follows to receive data, process the data according to instructions from a program, display the resulting information to the user, and store the results. Dr. Ahmet Zafer Şenalp ME 521 17Mechanical Engineering Department, GTU 2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM 2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM INPUT Memory Control Unit Arithmetic Logic Unit OUTPUT

18. ESSENTIAL COMPUTER HARDWARE A Computer’s hardware devices fall into one of four categories. Processor:The procedure that transforms raw data into useful information is called processing. The processor is like the brain of computer system. A personal computer’s processor is usually a Single or a set of chips contained on a circuitboard. Dr. Ahmet Zafer Şenalp ME 521 18Mechanical Engineering Department, GTU 2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM 2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM

19. ESSENTIAL COMPUTER HARDWARE Memory devices: Memory devices are of two types: R A M (Random Access Memory):RAM is like an electronic scratch pad inside the computer. RAM is made up of a set of chips mounted on a small circuit board. RAM is a volatile memory. RAM has a tremendous impact on the speed and power of the computer. The computer can read from and write to RAM. When the computer is turned off or if there is loss of power, what ever is stored in RAM disappears. “Temporary Memory” – Short Term Dr. Ahmet Zafer Şenalp ME 521 19Mechanical Engineering Department, GTU 2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM 2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM

20. ESSENTIAL COMPUTER HARDWARE R O M (Read Only Memory): ROM is a non-volatile memory. ROM permanently stores its data, even when the computer is shut off. ROM holds contents that the computer needs to operate. Memory on the motherboard that is long term; where the specific instructions that are needed for the computer to operate are stored. This memory is nonvolatile and your computer can only read from a ROM chip. Most common is the BIOS ROM; where the computer uses instructions contained on this chip to boot or start the system when you turn on your computer. “Permanent Memory” – Long Term Dr. Ahmet Zafer Şenalp ME 521 20Mechanical Engineering Department, GTU 2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM 2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM

21. CPU (Central Processing Unit) Also known as the microprocessor, Processor. Central Processing Unit (CPU) is considered as the Brain of the computer. Housed on a tiny silicon chip. Chip contains millions of switches and pathways that help your computer make important decisions. It follows the instructions of the software (program) to manipulate data into information. CPU knows which switches to turn on and which to turn off because it receives its instructions from computer programs (software). The CPU consists of two parts: ◦Control unit and ◦Arithmetic/logic unit (ALU) Both the ALU and the CU contains registers, which are ◦high-speed memory ◦temporarily hold data and instructions during processing. CPU Speed is measured by using Hz (Hertz) KHz,MHz,GHz. Dr. Ahmet Zafer Şenalp ME 521 21Mechanical Engineering Department, GTU 2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM 2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM

22. A CPU CHIP Dr. Ahmet Zafer Şenalp ME 521 22Mechanical Engineering Department, GTU 2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM 2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM This figure shows a CPU chip for a small computer. Computer programs are written in programming languages. Each program statement causes one or more actions to occur in the CPU. The CPU determines which of the millions of switches that it contains should be turned on or off by processing program statements that tell it what to do.

23. C U (control unit): All the computer’s resources are managed from the control unit. It act as a traffic signal directing the flow of data through the CPU as well as to and from other devices. The CPU instructions for carrying out commands are built into the control unit. The control unit is the logical hub of the computer. We communicate with the computer through programming languages. Examples: COBOL, C++, HTML, Java Script or VisualBasic.net This section is the boss of the CPU and coordinates all activity within the CPU. It uses programming instructions to control what actions the CPU performs and when it performs them. Dr. Ahmet Zafer Şenalp ME 521 23Mechanical Engineering Department, GTU 2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM 2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM

24. A L U (Arithmetic logic unit): The work of the ALU is to perform arithmetic and logical operations. Arithmetic operation include addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. Logical operation include comparison, such as determining whether one number is equal to, greater than, or less than another number. Dr. Ahmet Zafer Şenalp ME 521 24Mechanical Engineering Department, GTU 2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM 2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM

25. ESSENTIAL COMPUTER HARDWARE Dr. Ahmet Zafer Şenalp ME 521 25Mechanical Engineering Department, GTU 2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM 2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM

26. The Instruction and Execution Cycles Dr. Ahmet Zafer Şenalp ME 521 26Mechanical Engineering Department, GTU 2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM 2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM The execution cycle is the amount of time required to execute the instruction and store the results. This figure illustrates the basic machine cycle involved in processing a program statement. The instruction cycle is the amount of time required to read and decode the instruction.

27. The Machine Cycle Dr. Ahmet Zafer Şenalp ME 521 27Mechanical Engineering Department, GTU 2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM 2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM Machine cycles are measured in microseconds. The faster your computer can process machine cycles, the faster it can process data. The instruction cycle and one or more execution cycles create a machine cycle.

28. Computer System Controllers Dr. Ahmet Zafer Şenalp ME 521 28Mechanical Engineering Department, GTU 2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM 2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM A PC motherboard contains several controllers. Controllers are devices that control the transfer of data between the computer and peripheral devices. Common peripheral devices include a mouse, monitor, printer, keyboard, and so on. Controllers usually are found on a single chip that can handle all common devices.

29. Ports Dr. Ahmet Zafer Şenalp ME 521 29Mechanical Engineering Department, GTU 2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM 2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM Serial and parallel ports are used to connect peripheral devices to the computer circuitry. Serial devices (mice/monitors) transmit data one bit at a time. Parallel devices (printers) transmit data several bits at time. USB is a newer, high-speed method of connecting devices and is beginning to replace serial and parallel ports. USB can connect up to 127 external devices. Firewire is another high-speed method. Firewire can connect up to 63 external devices.

30. Expansion Slots Dr. Ahmet Zafer Şenalp ME 521 30Mechanical Engineering Department, GTU 2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM 2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM Expansion slots are electrical connections in the motherboard that can accept circuit cards to perform specific functions. These commonly are used to plug in sound cards, video cards, scanners, and other devices. Electrical prongs along the bottom are used to plug into the expansion slot and make an electrical connection to the main board. This port protrudes from the back of the PC case and is used to attach the device that this card controls.

31. OPERATING SYSTEM USING OPERATING SYSTEM: The OS is an example of system software- software that controls the system’s hardware and that interacts with the user and application software. In short OS is the computer’s master control program. The OS provides you with the tool that enables you to Interact with the PC. Types of operating system: Operating system can be organized into four types. 1.Real-time operating system 2.Single-user/single-tasking operating system 3.Single-user/multitasking operating system 4.Multi-user/multitasking operating system Dr. Ahmet Zafer Şenalp ME 521 31Mechanical Engineering Department, GTU 2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM 2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM

32. OPERATING SYSTEM 1.Real-time operating system: A real time operating system is a very fast, relatively small OS. They are build into the circuitry of a device and are not loaded from a disk drive. A real time OS is needed to run real time application Real time application are needed to run medical diagnostics equipment, life support system, machinery, scientific instruments, and industrial systems. 2. Single-user/single-tasking operating system: An operating system that allows a single user to perform just one task at a time is a single-user/single-tasking operating system. OS can only manage a single task at a time. MS-DOS is one example of a single tasking OS. Dr. Ahmet Zafer Şenalp ME 521 32Mechanical Engineering Department, GTU 2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM 2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM

33. OPERATING SYSTEM 3. Single-user/multitasking operating system: A Single-user/multitasking operating system is one that allows a Single user to perform two or more functions at once. The multi- tasking features of these OSs have greatly increased the productivity of people in the large variety of jobs because they can accomplish in less time. The disadvantages of Single-user/multitasking operating system is the increased size, complexity to support multitasking. Dr. Ahmet Zafer Şenalp ME 521 33Mechanical Engineering Department, GTU 2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM 2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM

34. OPERATING SYSTEM 4. Multi-user/multitasking operating system: A Multi-user/multitasking operating system is an operating system that allows multiple users to use programs that are simultaneously running on a single network server. In a Multi-user/multitasking operating system environment, all or most of the computing occurs at the server. The advantage of these operating system is that they can be managed by simply making changes to one server rather than to many desktop computer. A disadvantages is that if the network connection to the server is Broken, the user can not do any work in the application of server. Ex- UNIX, VMS, and mainframe operating system such as MVS. Dr. Ahmet Zafer Şenalp ME 521 34Mechanical Engineering Department, GTU 2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM 2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM

35. Network When computers are connected to other computers They can share information and sometimes hardware (printers) Two Types: Local-Area and Wide-Area Dr. Ahmet Zafer Şenalp ME 521 35Mechanical Engineering Department, GTU 2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM 2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM

36. Network Local Area Networks (LAN): Computers connected together in a relatively close location such as in the same building or department. The data and software for these computers are stored on a central computer called the file server. Dr. Ahmet Zafer Şenalp ME 521 36Mechanical Engineering Department, GTU 2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM 2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM

37. Network Wide Area Networks (WAN): When local area networks are expanded to include several local area networks within a city, state, region, territory, country, continent, or the world. Dr. Ahmet Zafer Şenalp ME 521 37Mechanical Engineering Department, GTU 2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM 2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM