1. Physics of Solar Cells :: Prof. Kyle Montgomery :: UNM Lecture 1: Introduction & Energy Overview ECE 495/595: Physics of Solar Cells Spring 2016 1 January 20, 2016

2. Physics of Solar Cells :: Prof. Kyle Montgomery :: UNM Overview Personal Introduction Course Introduction Units The Energy Dilemma Energy Sources Solar Outlook 2

3. Physics of Solar Cells :: Prof. Kyle Montgomery :: UNM Prof. Kyle Montgomery B.S. 2004 University of Houston 3 years @ Schlumberger M.S. 2008 Purdue University Ph.D. 2012 Purdue University –Thesis: Novel Approaches for Wide Bandgap Solar Cells 3

4. Physics of Solar Cells :: Prof. Kyle Montgomery :: UNM What I do now…besides teach… Research Engineer at Air Force Research Lab –Advanced Space Power Group –Manage external programs –Collaborate on internal research on various energy generation technologies (and related components) Serve on student advisory committees Involved with IEEE Electron Devices Society and the Photovoltaic Specialists Conference 4

5. Physics of Solar Cells :: Prof. Kyle Montgomery :: UNM Philosophy…on teaching…and life Teaching is not confined to classroom time –Feel free to ask questions anytime Conceptual understanding is key –Can’t cover every detail on a given subject Life can be hard and school can be hard, too –If I can help, just let me know 5

6. Physics of Solar Cells :: Prof. Kyle Montgomery :: UNM Overview Personal Introduction Course Introduction Units The Energy Dilemma Energy Sources Solar Outlook 6

7. Physics of Solar Cells :: Prof. Kyle Montgomery :: UNM Physics of Solar Cells Global Energy Outlook Photovoltaic Effect Limiting Efficiencies of Solar Cells Electronic & Optical Properties of Materials Device Physics Design of Solar Cells Different Solar Cell Technologies Characterization 7

8. Physics of Solar Cells :: Prof. Kyle Montgomery :: UNM Course Structure Course Website is: –http://www.kmontgomery.net/teaching/physics ofsolarcells/http://www.kmontgomery.net/teaching/physics ofsolarcells/ –Grades will be posted to UNM Learn(?) Also using Piazza –http://piazza.com/unm/spring2016/ece495595 /homehttp://piazza.com/unm/spring2016/ece495595 /home 8

9. Physics of Solar Cells :: Prof. Kyle Montgomery :: UNM Overview Personal Introduction Course Introduction Units The Energy Dilemma Energy Sources Solar Outlook 9

10. Physics of Solar Cells :: Prof. Kyle Montgomery :: UNM SI Units 10

11. Physics of Solar Cells :: Prof. Kyle Montgomery :: UNM Derived Units 11

12. Physics of Solar Cells :: Prof. Kyle Montgomery :: UNM Prefixes 12

13. Physics of Solar Cells :: Prof. Kyle Montgomery :: UNM Current Density Solar cells output a wide range of currents –Bigger = More Current Account for the variation by using current density when comparing cells 13 Given Current: I = 100 mA Given Area: A = 4 cm 2 Current Density: J = I / A = 25 mA/cm 2

14. Physics of Solar Cells :: Prof. Kyle Montgomery :: UNM Power and Energy Power = Time Derivative of Energy –Unit: Watts [W] = [J] / [s] Energy = Time Integral of Power –Unit: Joule [J] or Watt-hrs [Wh] Positive Power  Power Absorbed by Element Negative Power  Power Delivered by Element 14

15. Physics of Solar Cells :: Prof. Kyle Montgomery :: UNM Power Sign Convention for PV Opposite of prior slide! 15 pveducation.org This is what the actual I-V looks like Quadrant IV = Negative Power Convention is to flip to Quadrant I = Positive Power

16. Physics of Solar Cells :: Prof. Kyle Montgomery :: UNM Overview Personal Introduction Course Introduction Units The Energy Dilemma Energy Sources Solar Outlook 16

17. Physics of Solar Cells :: Prof. Kyle Montgomery :: UNM Electricity Consumption May Drive Human Development 17 Annual Per Capita Electricity Consumption (kWh) Human Development Index Source: Human Development Index – 2010 data United Nations; Annual Per Capita Electricity Consumption (kWh) - 2007 data World Bank The Human Development Index is a comparative measure of life expectancy, literacy, education, and standards of living. Countries fall into four broad categories based on their HDI: very high, high, medium, and low human development. 4,000 kWh per person per year is the dividing line between developed and developing countries.

18. Physics of Solar Cells :: Prof. Kyle Montgomery :: UNM Richer Economies Use More Energy 18 Source: European Environment Agency http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/figures/correlation-of-per-capita-energy

19. Physics of Solar Cells :: Prof. Kyle Montgomery :: UNM World Population Growing >30% Over the Next 35 Years 19 Source: United Nations, The Economist http://www.economist.com/blogs/graphicdetail/2015/08/daily-chart-growth-areas Total Global Population Population Per Country Rank

20. Physics of Solar Cells :: Prof. Kyle Montgomery :: UNM Growing Population & Income = Rising Energy Demand 20 Source: ExxonMobile 2015 Outlook for Energy http://corporate.exxonmobil.com/en/energy/energy-outlook

21. Physics of Solar Cells :: Prof. Kyle Montgomery :: UNM Greenhouse Gasses Have Sharply Increased in Recent Times 21 Source: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). 2015. National Centers for Environmental Information. http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/indicators

22. Physics of Solar Cells :: Prof. Kyle Montgomery :: UNM Similarly, Energy Consumption Has Vastly Increased 22 Source: U.S. Energy Information Agency http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfm?id=11951

23. Physics of Solar Cells :: Prof. Kyle Montgomery :: UNM Increased Energy Consumption Yields Increased CO 2 Emissions 23

24. Physics of Solar Cells :: Prof. Kyle Montgomery :: UNM GHG Emissions Dominated by Electricity Generation and Transportation 24 Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2015. http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/indicators

25. Physics of Solar Cells :: Prof. Kyle Montgomery :: UNM Global Temperatures Have Also Been Increasing 25 Source: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). 2015. National Centers for Environmental Information. http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/indicators

26. Physics of Solar Cells :: Prof. Kyle Montgomery :: UNM Future Predictions on Climate Change 26 Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). http://www3.epa.gov/climatechange/science/future.html

27. Physics of Solar Cells :: Prof. Kyle Montgomery :: UNM Impact of Climate Change Alter weather patterns & amounts of precipitation Reduce ice & snow cover, including the permafrost Raise sea levels Increase ocean acidity Increase extreme weather events Increase threats to human health 27

28. Physics of Solar Cells :: Prof. Kyle Montgomery :: UNM How Do We Limit Climate Change? 1.Reduce energy consumption (conservation) 2.Use alternative, low-GHG emitting sources of energy 28 SOLAR!

29. Physics of Solar Cells :: Prof. Kyle Montgomery :: UNM Overview Personal Introduction Course Introduction Units The Energy Dilemma Energy Sources Solar Outlook 29

30. Physics of Solar Cells :: Prof. Kyle Montgomery :: UNM US Energy Sources and Usage Breakdown 30 Source: U.S. Energy Information Agency. U.S Department of Energy 2014 Renewable Energy Data Book. http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osti/64720.pdf

31. Physics of Solar Cells :: Prof. Kyle Montgomery :: UNM New US Electricity Generation Capacity Mostly from NG and Renewables 31 Source: U.S. Energy Information Agency. U.S Department of Energy 2014 Renewable Energy Data Book. http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osti/64720.pdf

32. Physics of Solar Cells :: Prof. Kyle Montgomery :: UNM Projections Suggest Renewables Taking On More Substantial Role 32 Primary energy consumption by fuel, 1980-2040 (quad Btu) Source: U.S. Energy Information Agency. Annual Energy Outlook 2015. http://www.eia.gov/forecasts/aeo/ Electricity generation by fuel, 2000-2040 (trillion kWh)

33. Physics of Solar Cells :: Prof. Kyle Montgomery :: UNM Global Renewable Energy Capacity 33 Source: Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21 st Century (REN21). U.S Department of Energy 2014 Renewable Energy Data Book. http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osti/64720.pdf

34. Physics of Solar Cells :: Prof. Kyle Montgomery :: UNM Global Renewable Electricity Generation 34 Source: Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21 st Century (REN21). U.S Department of Energy 2014 Renewable Energy Data Book. http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osti/64720.pdf

35. Physics of Solar Cells :: Prof. Kyle Montgomery :: UNM Renewable Energy Generation Projections Show Growth in Wind and Solar 35 Source: U.S. Energy Information Agency. Annual Energy Outlook 2015. http://www.eia.gov/forecasts/aeo/ Renewable electricity generation by fuel type, 2000-2040 (billion kWh) Cumulative additions to electricity generation capacity by fuel, 2013-2040 (GW)

36. Physics of Solar Cells :: Prof. Kyle Montgomery :: UNM Overview Personal Introduction Course Introduction Units The Energy Dilemma Energy Sources Solar Outlook 36

37. Physics of Solar Cells :: Prof. Kyle Montgomery :: UNM Sunlight is a Rich, Abundant Resource 37 Source: GeoModel Solar http://solargis.info/doc/free-solar-radiation-maps-GHI

38. Physics of Solar Cells :: Prof. Kyle Montgomery :: UNM Solar’s Potential Dwarfs Demand 38 Source: Argonne National Laboratory http://web.anl.gov/pse/solar/primer/primer1.html

39. Physics of Solar Cells :: Prof. Kyle Montgomery :: UNM Solar Also Dwarfs Other Forms of Energy 39

40. Physics of Solar Cells :: Prof. Kyle Montgomery :: UNM US PV Electricity Installed Capacity Taking Off! 40 Source: SEIA/GTM. U.S Department of Energy 2014 Renewable Energy Data Book. http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osti/64720.pdf

41. Physics of Solar Cells :: Prof. Kyle Montgomery :: UNM Outlook on Solar Module Production 41 Source: GTM Research, PV Pulse. U.S Department of Energy 2014 Renewable Energy Data Book. http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osti/64720.pdf

42. Physics of Solar Cells :: Prof. Kyle Montgomery :: UNM Solar PV Industry – Long-Term Outlook 42 Source: Stephen O’Rourke, Deutsche Bank

43. Physics of Solar Cells :: Prof. Kyle Montgomery :: UNM 2015 US Avg. Residential PV System Costs at Historic Lows 43 Source: GTM Research, Global PV Balance of Systems https://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/The-Most-Important-Trends-in-Solar-in-8-Charts

44. Physics of Solar Cells :: Prof. Kyle Montgomery :: UNM US Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) Also Advancing 44 Source: SEIA/GTM. U.S Department of Energy 2014 Renewable Energy Data Book. http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osti/64720.pdf

45. Physics of Solar Cells :: Prof. Kyle Montgomery :: UNM 45 Physics of Solar Cells: Spring 2016 Course Website: kmontgomery.net/teaching/physicsofsolarcells / Piazza: piazza.com/unm/spring2016/ece495595/home kmontgomery.net/teaching/physicsofsolarcells / piazza.com/unm/spring2016/ece495595/home 45