1. CMOS Sensors WP1-3 PPRP meeting 29 Oct 2008, Armagh

2. CMOS Technology CMOS = Complimentary Metal Oxide Semiconductor –Efficient way to build electronics out of NMOS and PMOS transistors Technology appeared in 70’s –Driven by consumer electronics market –Used in PP for electronics/computing PP Holy Grail: integrated sensor and readout electronics Difference in requirements –Industry: digital; visible light imaging –PP: analogue and digital at the same time; detection of ionizing particles

3. MAPS: Monolithic Active Pixel Sensors Signal detected in thin epi-layer, < 20  m –Localized, excellent precision 1  m –Small signal, collection by diffusion Low noise –Small capacitance Amplification in pixel allows to preserve good Signal-to-Noise Limited choice as only NMOS transistors are allowed –PMOS transistors compete for charge Several PP groups follow the approach of using existing processes –MIMOSA sensors, ….

4. Future Trends Affordable thin, low power and precise sensors will revolutionize Particle Physics World-wide interest but only few groups have design capability and access to this technology –Fermilab, KEK, Strasbourg, INFN, LBL, RAL –Expensive with complicated IP management Trend is to put more functionality inside pixels –Started to be addressed in the last years (ex. deep n- well MAPS by INFN, vertical wafer integration by Fermilab) UK is leading in two directions –INMAPS: allows full CMOS inside pixel –ISIS: allows raw charge storage

5. INMAPS Standard MAPS does not allow CMOS –Parasitic collection of charge by other n-wells Shield n-wells with deep p+ implant –Ion beam of MeV energy which stops at certain depth Full CMOS capability –Increased complexity –Reduced power consumption RAL/CALICE pioneered this process for PP –Huge potential, a lot of interest from outside of PP

6. ISIS: In Situ Storage Another way to enhance CMOS functionality Storage of raw charge –Excellent noise immunity –Reduced power consumption Implemented as n+ buried channel (as in CCD) and deep p+ implant Pioneered by LCFI for PP –Only group with access to this technology

7. 4T Structures 4T (four transistors) structures allows efficient charge capture and amplification –Now standard process offered by foundries –Offers better noise immunity –Need studies for small signal transfers from larger capacitor

8. SPIDER Programme Based on three processes, INMAPS, ISIS and 4T which are unique in PP Buried channel (ISIS) –Have prove of concept: ISIS1 –Produced buried channel in CMOS technology: ISIS2 Deep p+ (INMAPS) –TPAC: first device to use INMAPS –Cherwell: distributed architecture 4T process –For Cherwell: first attempt to use 4T for scientific application Several years ahead of other groups –Deep p+ planned by other groups but no practical implementation so far –Strong interest in INMAPS multi-project runs

9. ISIS3 ISIS2 produced by LCFI in 2008 –Test bed device with many variants –Used to optimize ISIS3 ISIS3 –Refining the process –Putting in more functionality –Reducing pixel size (currently 10x80  m 2 ) ISIS2 Pixel Geometry

10. TPAC2 Large scale sensor –Uses INMAPS –Architecture inspired by TPAC1 chip Designed for system applications –DCAL tests TPAC1

11. Cherwell Distributed functionality with no dead areas –Enabled by INMAPS –Rolling shutter readout Cherwell will explore 4T architecture for particle detection for the first time –Better noise immunity

12. WP1: Sensor Design Design team based at RAL Design Specification Design reviews –Oversees progress –External Experts Submissions Handling of IP issues

13. WP2: Sensor Modelling Signal collection –ISIS: charge collection through opening in deep p+ –TPAC/Cherwell: collection efficiency Signal transfer –4T: transfer of small signal from a large capacitance load –ISIS: charge transfer in buried channel Charge collection in TPAC Charge collection in ISIS

14. WP3: Sensor Characterization Share facilities and expertise between institutions

15. WP3: Sensor Characterization Signal and Noise –Radioactive sources 55 Fe, 90 Sr –Performance integrated over pixels Laser and source mapping –1064 and 660 nm lasers –Strong source to exercise individual pixels –Charge collection –Threshold trimming (TPAC) TPAC1 55 Fe signal ISIS1 Laser Map

16. Irradiation and Test Beams Irradiations will determine sensor longevity in experiments –Surface damage –Bulk damage –Necessary to validate new processes for wider applications Two test beams, in 2010 and 2011 –Essential to measure coordinate resolution and efficiency MAPS before/after irradiation ISIS1 test beam

17. Knowledge Exchange Several pixel technologies were driven by PP CMOS technology was not driven by Particle Physics but this may change –INMAPS and ISIS modifications to standard CMOS introduce very attractive features for other applications –STFC and UK have leading positions ISIS: fast X-ray imaging –Fast framing CCD imagers based on ISIS principle are commercially produced Deep p+ (INMAPS) can be used for any fast and specialized industrial imaging

18. Sensor Summary Pixel sensors with complex integrated functionality is the future SPIDER will address this by R&D in three directions: ISIS, INMAPS and 4T Sensor programme is based on –ISIS3, TPAC, Cherwell –Integrated approach to design, modelling and testing Looking for applications outside of PP