1. Center for Environmental Research and Technology/Environmental Modeling University of California at Riverside CALCULATING FUGITIVE DUST EMISSIONS FROM WIND EROSION Mohammad Omary; CERT, UCR Gerard Mansell; ENVIRON Martinus Wolf; ERG Michael Uhl; DAQM, Clark County, NV Bill Barnard; MACTEC Engr. & Consulting Jack Gillies; DRI

2. Center for Environmental Research and Technology/Environmental Modeling University of California at Riverside OUTLINE Project Background & Overview Data Sources Estimation Methodology Agricultural And Urban Considerations Program Development Summary

3. Center for Environmental Research and Technology/Environmental Modeling University of California at Riverside BACKGROUND AND OVERVIEW OF PROJECT Overall Objective to Compile PM10 and PM2.5 Emission Factors and Inventories From Windblown Dust for the Western Region of the US Develop Integrated SMOKE Processing Modules for PM10 and PM2.5 Emissions Modeling

4. Center for Environmental Research and Technology/Environmental Modeling University of California at Riverside DATA SOURCES Land Use/Land Cover –Biogenic Emission Landcover Database (BELD3) –North American Land Cover Characteristics (NALCC) Soils Characteristics –State Soil Geographic Database (STATSGO) –Soil Landscape of Canada (SLC_V2) –International Soil Reference and Information Center Meteorological Data –1996 MCIP/MM5, 36-km

5. Center for Environmental Research and Technology/Environmental Modeling University of California at Riverside DATA COMPILATION FOR LAND USE AND SOIL TYPES Land Use and Soil Types data Were Compiled from 1km grid into 12km grid. Each 12km cell Has One or More Area Fractions for Different Land Use Soil Type of 12km Cell Was Set as the Dominant Soil Type from the 1km Cells

6. Center for Environmental Research and Technology/Environmental Modeling University of California at Riverside MAJOR LAND USE Urban: Stable/Unstable Agriculture: Stable with Ag. Adjustments Shrub/Grassland: Stable Forest: Stable Barren: Unstable

7. Center for Environmental Research and Technology/Environmental Modeling University of California at Riverside WIND TUNNEL STUDY RESULTS: THESHOLDS *(Gillette et al., 1980; Gillette et al., 1982; Gillette, 1988; Nickling & Gillies, 1989)

8. Center for Environmental Research and Technology/Environmental Modeling University of California at Riverside WIND TUNNEL STUDY RESULTS: EMISSION FACTORS

9. Center for Environmental Research and Technology/Environmental Modeling University of California at Riverside STANDARD SOIL TETURE TRIANGLE

10. Center for Environmental Research and Technology/Environmental Modeling University of California at Riverside MAJOR SOIL TYPES For the Purpose of Developing Emission Factors, Standard Soil Types Were Divided Into Five Major Soil Types: 1.Silty Sand & Clay 2.Sandy Silt 3.Loam 4.Sand 5.Silt

11. Center for Environmental Research and Technology/Environmental Modeling University of California at Riverside SOIL TEXTURE MAPPING STATSGO Soil Texture Soil Texture Code Soil Group Code No Data00 Sand14 Loamy Sand24 Sandy Loam32 Silt Loam41 Silt55 Loam63 Sandy Clay Loam72 Silty Clay Loam85 Clay Loam93 Sandy Clay102 Silty Clay115 Clay121

12. Center for Environmental Research and Technology/Environmental Modeling University of California at Riverside 0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 20 - 24.925 - 29.930 - 34.935 - 39.940 - 44.945 - 49.950 - 54.9 EMISSION RATES BY SOIL GROUP FOR STABLE SOILS Emission Factor (ton/acre/hour) Soil Group 1 Soil Group 2 Soil Group 3 Soil Group 4 Soil Group 5 10-m Wind Speed (mph)

13. Center for Environmental Research and Technology/Environmental Modeling University of California at Riverside EMISSION RATES BY SOIL GROUP FOR UNSTABLE SOILS 0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 20 - 24.925 - 29.930 - 34.935 - 39.940 - 44.945 - 49.950 - 54.9 10-m Wind Speed (mph) Emission Factor (ton/acre/hour) Soil Group 1 Soil Group 2 Soil Group 3 Soil Group 4 Soil Group 5

14. Center for Environmental Research and Technology/Environmental Modeling University of California at Riverside METEOROLOGY Meteorological Data Were Compiled from MM5 and MCIP for 36km Cells. The Data Needed Were: 1.Snow Cover 2.Rain Occurrence 3.Surface Temperature 4.Wind Velocity at 10m Height

15. Center for Environmental Research and Technology/Environmental Modeling University of California at Riverside VEGETATION COVER CONSIDERATIONS Land Use Category Vegetation Cover % Reduction Factor Urban55 (stable), 0 (Unstable) 0.0701 1 Agriculture---- Shrubs110.700 Grass230.195 Forrest550.0701 Barren01 Desert01

16. Center for Environmental Research and Technology/Environmental Modeling University of California at Riverside AG. CONSIDERATIONS Non-Climatic Factors Significantly Decrease Soil Loss From Agricultural Lands Seven “Adjustment” Factors Simulate These Effects: –Bare soil within fields –Bare borders surrounding fields –Long-term irrigation –Crop canopy cover –Post-harvest vegetative cover (residue) –Post-harvest replanting (multi-cropping) –Tillage

17. Center for Environmental Research and Technology/Environmental Modeling University of California at Riverside URBAN URBAN CONSIDERATIONS Urban Cells or Area Fraction from 12km Cell Split Into: –Core urban 91.667% –Boundary urban 8.333% Core Urban Area Considered As: –Stable soil 92% –Unstable soil 8% Boundary Urban Area Considered As: –Stable soil 70% –Unstable soil 30%

18. Center for Environmental Research and Technology/Environmental Modeling University of California at Riverside EMISSIONS ESTIMATION METHODOLOGY No Emissions for 72 h After Snow Melt No Emissions for 72 h After Rain Event No Emissions for 12 h After Surface Freeze No Emissions for Wind Speed Less Than 20mph

19. Center for Environmental Research and Technology/Environmental Modeling University of California at Riverside EMISSIONS ESTIMATION METHODOLOGY cont’d For Stable Soils: –Apply emission rates for the first hour only during a wind event –Apply emission spike at the first hour –Wait 24 hours before applying emission rates or emission spikes

20. Center for Environmental Research and Technology/Environmental Modeling University of California at Riverside EMISSIONS ESTIMATION METHODOLOGY cont’d For Un-Stable Soils: –Apply emission rates for the first 10 hours only during a wind event –Apply emission spike at the first hour –Wait 24 hours before applying emission rates or emission spikes

21. Center for Environmental Research and Technology/Environmental Modeling University of California at Riverside GENRAL INPUT DAT Daily/Hourly Meteorological Data State/County, Crop Management Zone, and Soil Type, For Each 12km Cell. Area fractions For Each 12km Cell, and Land Use For Each Area Fraction. Emission Rates and Emission Spike For The Wind Categories

22. Center for Environmental Research and Technology/Environmental Modeling University of California at Riverside AGRICULTURAL INPUT DAT Ag. Area Fractions (Barren, Border, Crop) Lon Term Irrigation Factors For Each Soil Type Irrigation Fractions For Each County And Crop Tillage Fractions For Each County And Crop Planting And Harvesting Date For Each Crop and Crop Management Zone

23. Center for Environmental Research and Technology/Environmental Modeling University of California at Riverside AGRICULTURAL INPUT DAT, cont’d Crop Canopy Factors For Each Crop Irrigation Fractions For Each County And Crop Tillage Fractions For Each County And Crop Planting And Harvesting Date For Each Crop and Crop Management Zone

24. Center for Environmental Research and Technology/Environmental Modeling University of California at Riverside Crop calendars with growth curves from Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE2) model Residues remaining after harvest due to conservation tillage practices from Purdue’s Conservation Technology Information Center (CTIC) Irrigation events from crop budget databases SOURCE OF AG. ADJUSTMENT FACTORS

25. Center for Environmental Research and Technology/Environmental Modeling University of California at Riverside COMPUTER PROGRAM FLOW CHART

26. Center for Environmental Research and Technology/Environmental Modeling University of California at Riverside A 36 km Cell Divided into 12 km Cells and Area Fractions 36 km 12 km AF1 AF3 12 km 36 km AF2

27. Center for Environmental Research and Technology/Environmental Modeling University of California at Riverside START Cell I36, J36 Julian Day & Time Snow cover, Surface temp, Rain, Wind velocity Snow cover No DUST36 = 0 Yes Next I36,J36 Cell Next Time Step Met Data Surface temp <0C No Yes DUST36 = 0 Next I36,J36 Cell

28. Center for Environmental Research and Technology/Environmental Modeling University of California at Riverside Rain No DUST36 = 0 Yes Next Time Step T no rain > 72h or T no snow cover > 72h or T surface temp above 0C > 12h No DUST36 = 0 Next I36,J36 Cell Wind velocity > minimum velocity Yes DUST36 = 0 No

29. Center for Environmental Research and Technology/Environmental Modeling University of California at Riverside Soil Group is Defined Yes DUST12= 0 No Next I12,J312 Cell Loop over I12,J12 cells Read Land Use Codes (LUCDAF ), and Area Fractions (AF) Loop over Area Fractions Next AF Next I12, J12 Cell Next Time Step Next I36,J36 Cell Map I36, J36 to I12 and J12 (9 cells)

30. Center for Environmental Research and Technology/Environmental Modeling University of California at Riverside Is the land use water, wet land etc. Yes DUSTAF = 0 No Is the time since the end of the last wind event > 24h DUSTAF= 0 No Next AF Next Time Step Next I36,J36 Cell Next I12, J12 Cell Next AF Is the soil disturbed? No Yes

31. Center for Environmental Research and Technology/Environmental Modeling University of California at Riverside Next I36,J36 Cell Next Time Step Next AF Next I12,J12 Cell Is the AF an Ag land? No Select the proper emission rate and calculate the dust emissions (DUSTAF) Is it the first hour of the wind event Is the wind event > 10h DUSTAF= 0 No DUST12=DUST12 + DUSTAF Yes Divide the AF into: CropAF, BareAF, & BordAf Apply vegetation cover reduction factors No Yes

32. Center for Environmental Research and Technology/Environmental Modeling University of California at Riverside Next Time Step DUST12 = DUST12 + DUSTAF Next AF DUST12 = DUST12 * AGF DUST36 = DUST36 + DUST12 END Apply AG Factors: 1-No adjustment to BordAF 2-Apply long term irrigation factor to BareAf 3-Apply long term irrigation, tillage, crop canopy, and post harvest residue factors to CropAf Next I36,J36 Cell Next I12,J12 Cell

33. Center for Environmental Research and Technology/Environmental Modeling University of California at Riverside Next I36,J36 Cell Next Time Step Next AF Next I12,J12 Cell Is the AF an Ag land? No Select the proper emission rate and calculate the dust emissions (DUSTAF) Is it the first hour of the wind event Is the wind event > 10h DUSTAF= 0 No DUST12=DUST12 + DUSTAF Yes Divide the AF into: CropAF, BareAF, & BordAf Yes No

34. Center for Environmental Research and Technology/Environmental Modeling University of California at Riverside TOTAL MONTHLY EMISSIONS (tonnes)

35. Center for Environmental Research and Technology/Environmental Modeling University of California at Riverside TOTAL MONTHLY DUST (tonnes)

36. Center for Environmental Research and Technology/Environmental Modeling University of California at Riverside ANNUAL EMISSION BY LANDUSE (tonnes)

37. Center for Environmental Research and Technology/Environmental Modeling University of California at Riverside

38. Center for Environmental Research and Technology/Environmental Modeling University of California at Riverside SUMMARY The Fugitive Dust Was Considered As PM10 The PM10 Was Split Into 22% PM2.5 and 78% PMC Most Of The Dust From Desert And Grass/Shrub Land The Ag Adjustment Ranges From 10%-90%, With Yearly Average 40%

39. Center for Environmental Research and Technology/Environmental Modeling University of California at Riverside Future Work Dust Event After Rain, Snow Melt Can Be Improved By Taking In Consideration, Season, Soil Type, And Rain Depth Use Of Smaller Grid Size for Met Data. Use GIS to develop gridded Soil Type and Land Use for other model domain and grid definitions.

40. Center for Environmental Research and Technology/Environmental Modeling University of California at Riverside