1. Germany pre-1815 -Holy Roman Empire: ‘colourful mosaic of 314 states’ (from Austria [115,000 square miles] to Schwartzburg- Sonderhausen – 33 sq. miles] -Conquered by Napoleon I – Austria (1805), Prussia (1806). *”Germany” reorganised into 39 states, 17 of which under French rule (Confederation of the Rhine) subject to the Code Napoleon. -1813: War of Liberation – Napoleon decisively defeated at the Battle of Leipzig largely by Prussian and Austrian forces.

2. Vienna Settlement, 1815 39 States organised into a CONFEDERATION (BUND).39 States organised into a CONFEDERATION (BUND). Confederation “controlled” from centre by a Diet BUT only had say in foreign policy of individual states and decisions in this field had to be unanimous.Confederation “controlled” from centre by a Diet BUT only had say in foreign policy of individual states and decisions in this field had to be unanimous. Designed to protect ‘internal security and independence’ of 39 individual rulers.Designed to protect ‘internal security and independence’ of 39 individual rulers. Presided over by Austrian delegatePresided over by Austrian delegate Prussian population doubled (territory in West – Rhineland; and in East – Pomerania and Westphalia)Prussian population doubled (territory in West – Rhineland; and in East – Pomerania and Westphalia)

3. Metternich and Congress System Designed to maintain (pre-1789) status quoDesigned to maintain (pre-1789) status quo TROPPAU PROTOCOL (1820) – (+ HOLY ALLIANCE) between Russia, Austria and Prussia to prevent ‘people restricting rights of people to restrict powers of their king’.TROPPAU PROTOCOL (1820) – (+ HOLY ALLIANCE) between Russia, Austria and Prussia to prevent ‘people restricting rights of people to restrict powers of their king’.

4. Forces for change, 1815-48 Liberalism and Nationalism: young, educated middle and upper classes.Liberalism and Nationalism: young, educated middle and upper classes. Following experience of middle class promotion under NapoleonFollowing experience of middle class promotion under Napoleon Desire for a ‘fatherland’ similar to French and BritishDesire for a ‘fatherland’ similar to French and British In reaction to threats from abroad (France, since 1806 and c.1840 and even Denmark).In reaction to threats from abroad (France, since 1806 and c.1840 and even Denmark).

5. Economic unity, 1815-48 1818 Prussian Customs Vs. internal Customs barriers and tariffs1818 Prussian Customs Vs. internal Customs barriers and tariffs By 1834, 17 other states encouraged to join an inter-state Customs Union –THE ZOLLVEREIN. (25 by 1836).By 1834, 17 other states encouraged to join an inter-state Customs Union –THE ZOLLVEREIN. (25 by 1836). Prussia economic leader of all but Southern states and AustriaPrussia economic leader of all but Southern states and Austria Austria, at first refused to be involved. Attempt to hijack with ZOLLUNION (1849) too late.Austria, at first refused to be involved. Attempt to hijack with ZOLLUNION (1849) too late.

6. 1848-9 revolutions FRANKFURT PARLIAMENT experiment (596 delegates from all German states to set up a united German Empire under King Frederick William IV of Prussia)FRANKFURT PARLIAMENT experiment (596 delegates from all German states to set up a united German Empire under King Frederick William IV of Prussia) Failed due to recovery/pressure from Austria.Failed due to recovery/pressure from Austria. Simultaneously – Prussian revolution. Attempt to set up liberal constitution in Prussia.Simultaneously – Prussian revolution. Attempt to set up liberal constitution in Prussia.

7. Industrialisation of Prussia, 1850-62 Railways, steel, armaments, military etc.

8. Rise to power of Bismarck 1862 – Constitutional Crisis. Conservative, Prussian supremacist Bismarck made Prussian Prime Minister to push through FW IV’s army reforms.1862 – Constitutional Crisis. Conservative, Prussian supremacist Bismarck made Prussian Prime Minister to push through FW IV’s army reforms. Bismarck recognised need to solve German question through ‘BLOOD and IRON’ in order to ‘avoid the mistakes of 1848’.Bismarck recognised need to solve German question through ‘BLOOD and IRON’ in order to ‘avoid the mistakes of 1848’.

9. Wars of Unification – 1864-71 War with Denmark (1864): annexation of Schleswig (Prussia) and Holstein (Austria) led to tension between Prussia and Austria.War with Denmark (1864): annexation of Schleswig (Prussia) and Holstein (Austria) led to tension between Prussia and Austria. Seven Weeks’ War (1866): between Prussia and Austria. Battle of Sadowa – Treaty of Prague (Aug. 1866) – NORTH GERMAN CONFEDERATION (Led by Prussia including all German states except 4 southern states and Austria)Seven Weeks’ War (1866): between Prussia and Austria. Battle of Sadowa – Treaty of Prague (Aug. 1866) – NORTH GERMAN CONFEDERATION (Led by Prussia including all German states except 4 southern states and Austria) 1870: Having persuaded 4 southern states to fight alongside, Northern Union, war with France led to proclamation of German Empire under FW IV at VERSAILLES, January 1871.1870: Having persuaded 4 southern states to fight alongside, Northern Union, war with France led to proclamation of German Empire under FW IV at VERSAILLES, January 1871.

10. Political and economic developments in the Bund, 1849-51 POLITICALPOLITICAL Erfurt Union Vs.Grossdeutschland (Diet revival)Erfurt Union Vs.Grossdeutschland (Diet revival) Hesse Cassel crisis…Olmutz Declaration…Reestablishment of Diet…so?!Hesse Cassel crisis…Olmutz Declaration…Reestablishment of Diet…so?! ECONOMIC ECONOMIC Zollverein by 1850 + Prussian industryZollverein by 1850 + Prussian industry Failed attempts at ZOLLUNION + ALTERNATIVE CUSTOMS UNIONFailed attempts at ZOLLUNION + ALTERNATIVE CUSTOMS UNION

11. How did political events in Prussia in the years 1850-62 aid unification? The mastermind of German unification – how did he come to be PRUSSIAN CHIEF MINISTER [‘One of the great turning points in history’]

12. Factors readying Prussia for unification and for Bismarck: *Chief Minister Manteuffel’s Conservative Reforms *The international situation *Accession of William I as Prussian King *The Constitutional Crisis of 1860-2