2. DNA Fingerprinting Gel Electrophoresis

3. Sometimes we comparing DNA from two or more sources. BUT it would take too long to compare all of it!

4. Most of our DNA is identical to DNA of others. BUT there are inherited regions of our DNA that can vary from person to person called "polymorphisms”

5. There are a class of DNA polymorphisms known as "Short Tandem Repeats“ (STRs.)

6. STRs sequences of DNA, normally 2-5 base pairs, which repeat numerous times "gatagatagatagata” “ gatagata” “gata” different for each individual

7. These small segments of DNA are “cut” out by certain restriction enzymes for comparason

8. restriction enzymes restriction enzymes are isolated from bacteria that recognize specific sequences of DNA cut it into fragments, called restriction fragments. http://www.dnalc.org/view/15476-Genetic-engineering-inserting- new-DNA-into-a-plasmid-vector-3D-animation-with-with-basic- narration.html

9. Short Tandem Repeat sequences (STRs) are similar to VNTRs in that they involve tandem repeats of a core sequence in variable numbers among the population to produce a polymorphic distribution. The major difference is that the core sequence is usually only 3 or 4 nucleotides in length (VNTR core sequences can be 16 or more nucleotides).

10. Usually a tighter range of alleles results. The small size of the STRs used in forensic DNA profiling (amplimers range from 100 - 500 bp) allows for more efficient amplification by PCR also allows the use of DNA that has been degraded more significantly because even small pieces of DNA may contain intact STR sites. Primers are designed to anneal to sequences in the DNA that flank the STR.

11. PCR Amplification of the material between the primer locations includes the STR region. Therefore, any allelic differences between individuals will be evidenced by different lengths for the amplification product among individuals tested.

12. Many uses of restriction enzymes…  Now that we can cut DNA with restriction enzymes…  we can cut up DNA from different people… or different organisms… and compare it  why?  forensics  medical diagnostics  paternity  evolutionary relationships  and more…

13. Comparing cut up DNA  How do we compare DNA fragments?  separate fragments by size  How do we separate DNA fragments?  run it through a gelatin  gel electrophoresis  How does a gel work?

14. Gel electrophoresis  A method of separating DNA in a gelatin-like material using an electrical field  DNA is negatively charged  when it’s in an electrical field it moves toward the positive side + – DNA        “swimming through Jello”

15.  DNA moves in an electrical field…  so how does that help you compare DNA fragments?  size of DNA fragment affects how far it travels  small pieces travel farther  large pieces travel slower & lag behind Gel electrophoresis + – DNA        “swimming through Jello”

16. Gel Electrophoresis longer fragments shorter fragments power source completed gel gel DNA & restriction enzyme wells - +

17. Running a gel 12 cut DNA with restriction enzymes fragments of DNA separate out based on size 3 Stain DNA  ethidium bromide binds to DNA  fluoresces under UV light

18. DNA fingerprint  Why is each person’s DNA pattern different?  sections of “junk” DNA  doesn’t code for proteins  made up of repeated patterns  CAT, GCC, and others  each person may have different number of repeats  many sites on our 23 chromosomes with different repeat patterns GCTTGTAACGGCCTCATCATCATTCGCCGGCCTACGCTT CGAACATTGCCGGAGTAGTAGTAAGCGGCCGGATGCGAA GCTTGTAACGGCATCATCATCATCATCATCCGGCCTACGCTT CGAACATTGCCGTAGTAGTAGTAGTAGTAGGCCGGATGCGAA

19. Allele 1 GCTTGTAACGGCCTCATCATCATTCGCCGGCCTACGCTT CGAACATTGCCGGAGTAGTAGTAAGCGGCCGGATGCGAA repeats DNA patterns for DNA fingerprints cut sites GCTTGTAACG GCCTCATCATCATCGCCG GCCTACGCTT CGAACATTGCCG GAGTAGTAGTAGCGGCCG GATGCGAA 123 DNA  –+ allele 1 Cut the DNA

20. Person 1 GCTTGTAACGGCCTCATCATCATTCGCCGGCCTACGCTT CGAACATTGCCGGAGTAGTAGTAAGCGGCCGGATGCGAA Differences between people cut sites DNA  –+ person 1 Person 2: more repeats GCTTGTAACGGCCTCATCATCATCATCATCATCCGGCCTACGCTT CGAACATTGCCGGAGTAGTAGTAGTAGTAGTAGGCCGGATGCGAA DNA fingerprint person 2 123 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restriction_enzyme

21. Uses: Evolutionary relationships  Comparing DNA samples from different organisms to measure evolutionary relationships – + DNA  13245 12345 turtlesnakeratsquirrelfruitfly

22. Uses: Medical diagnostic  Comparing normal allele to disease allele chromosome with disease-causing allele 2 chromosome with normal allele 1 – + allele 1 allele 2 DNA  Example: test for Huntington’s disease

23. Uses: Forensics  Comparing DNA sample from crime scene with suspects & victim – + S1 DNA  S2S3V suspects crime scene sample

24. DNA fingerprints  Comparing blood samples on defendant’s clothing to determine if it belongs to victim  DNA fingerprinting

25. RFLP / electrophoresis use in forensics  1st case successfully using DNA evidence  1987 rape case convicting Tommie Lee Andrews “standard” semen sample from rapist blood sample from suspect

26. Electrophoresis use in forensics  Evidence from murder trial  Do you think suspect is guilty? “standard” blood sample 3 from crime scene “standard” blood sample 1 from crime scene blood sample 2 from crime scene blood sample from victim 2 blood sample from victim 1 blood sample from suspect OJ Simpson N Brown R Goldman

27. Uses: Paternity  Who’s the father? + DNA  childMomF1F2 –

30.  Start here Friday

31. Simulated Gel Electrophoresis Lab Who Murdered JonBenet Ramsey?? Your “chart” (paper) represents the “gel”

32. DNA sequences:

33. Sperm Bank DNA Father 1 Father 2 Father 3 Number of Base Pairs (bp) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Biology Names:___________________________ Simulated gel electrophoresis Lab Pd.____ Date:______________ DNA Fingerprint “Gel” Sheet Remember the smaller ones move farther than the bigger ones

35. ANALYSIS: On your chart, label the positive (+) and the negative (-) ends. 1. On your chart, label the positive (+) and the negative (-) ends. READ THE INSTRUCTION PAGE THE ANSWER IS THERE!!!! Circle the suspects DNA that matches the CRIME SCENE DNA and write his name: REAL FATHER = For each of the following tasks performed in this “simulated” lab, describe what it is actually simulating. 2. Cutting the DNA into fragments with scissors: 3. Moving and taping the DNA onto the evidence sheet simulates what step in the actual process? What is: 4. A Polymerase Chain Reaction: 5. Gel Electrophoresis: 6. A Restriction Enzyme: