1. Commas and Introductory Elements
Created by Kathryn Reilly

2. Defining an Introductory Element
An introductory element can be a word, phrase or clause that sets the stage for the rest of the sentence.
Introductory elements are followed by commas.

3. Introductory Words
Introductory words work to connect one idea to the next within a text.
Example:
I would like to go running today. However, storm clouds are rolling in so I’ll wait.

4. Introductory Word Examples
The following is only a partial list:
Also,
Alternatively,
Furthermore,
However,
Particularly,
Similarly,
Thus,
Therefore,

5. Introductory Phrases A phrase lacks a subject or verb
An introductory phrase shares a subject or verb with a main clause.
Introductory phrases may include appositive phrases, infinitive phrases, and participial phrases.

6. Introductory Phrase Examples
Beautiful and confident, the girl applied to the beauty pageant. (appositive)
To increase her chances of winning, Tiffany selected a designer gown. (infinitive)
Speaking confidently, Tiffany answered the judge’s questions. (participial)

7. Introductory Clauses
An introductory clause (a dependent clause with a subject and verb) provides important background information for the main clause.
Examples:
If Tiffany wanted to earn the crown, she would have to earn 60 points in the talent category.
Because Tiffany only earned 48 points, she came in second place.

8. Introductory Clause Examples
Introductory clauses begin with adverbs.
Below is a partial list:
Although
Always
Because
In order to
Never
Since
Though

9. Commas and Introductory Elements Review
Commas should follow introductory
Words
Phrases
Clauses
Introductory elements can set the tone of a sentence.
Introductory elements can indicate a relationship between sentences.