1. Section 6

2. KindFunctionForm PrepositionalNoun, adjective, or adverbPreposition + noun or pronoun object ParticipialAdjectiveVerb form ending in -ing, -d, -ed, -t, or -en GerundNoun (s, d.o., p.n., o.p., a.p.)Verb form ending in -ing InfinitiveNoun (s, d.o., p.n., o.p., a.p.), adjective, or adverb To + a verb form AppositiveNounNoun or phrase used as a noun AbsoluteNo grammatical functionNoun or pronoun modified by a participle or participial phrase REVIEW THE PHRASE

3. Definition: a group of words that have both a subject and a verb; with the subject actively doing the verb A clause is used as part of a sentence Examples: since she laughs at diffident men I despise individuals of low character when the saints go marching in Obediah Simpson is uglier than a rabid raccoon because she smiled at him There are 2 types of clauses: 1. Independent 2. Dependent THE CLAUSE

4. Definition: If the clause could stand by itself, and form a complete sentence with punctuation, we call the clause an independent clause. Examples: I despise individuals of low character Obediah Simpson is uglier than a rabid racoon We could easily turn independent clauses into complete sentences by adding appropriate punctuation marks. "I despise individuals of low character." "Obediah Simpson is uglier than a rabid racoon!" We call them independent because these types of clauses can stand independently by themselves, without any extra words attached, and be complete sentences. INDEPENDENT CLAUSE

5. Definition: Dependent clauses have a subject doing a verb, but they have a subordinate conjunction placed in front of the clause. That subordinate conjunction means that the clause can't stand independently by itself and become a complete sentence. Instead, the dependent clause is dependent upon another clause--it can't make a complete sentence by itself, even though it has a subject doing a verb. Examples: since she laughs at diffident men when the saints go marching in because she smiled at him These clauses simply do not form complete thoughts or sentences by themselves. Those subordinate conjunctions--since, when, and because--cause the listener to expect some extra material. It's important to understand the difference between phrases, dependent clauses, and independent clauses because many punctuation marks--such as commas, semicolons, and colons, require one or the other. DEPENDENT CLAUSE

6. Dependent (subordinate) clauses are classified as: 1. Noun clauses 2. Adjective clauses 3. Adverb clauses (No Santa Claus unfortunately…wouldn’t that be just like Christmas…just kidding…because we all know there is no Santa Claus) DEPENDENT CLAUSE

7. A dependent clause that functions as a noun within a sentence Don’t forget that nouns function as: 1. subjects 2. direct objects 3. predicate nominative 4. object of preposition 5. appositive Noun clauses are introduced by signal words such as the following i.e: that, whether, if, who, whom, whose, which, what, when, where, why, how, whoever, whomever, whichever, and whatever NOUN CLAUSE

8. Examples: Whether we travel by train or plane has not been decided. We did whatever was necessary. Painting portraits is what she enjoys most. He said nothing about where he would go next. The idea that he could succeed carried him through. NOUN CLAUSE s. adv. phrase v. subject p.a. d.o. adv. direct object predicate nominative object of preposition appositive

9. Sometimes the introductory word that is omitted when the noun clause is used as a direct object Example: They thought Thursday was a holiday. There is an implied/understood that in the sentence They thought (that) Thursday was a holiday. NOUN CLAUSE

11. A dependent clause that modifies a noun or a pronoun Adjective clauses are introduced by words called relatives Relative pronouns: who, whom, which, that Relative adjectives: whose (occasionally which) Relative adverbs: when, where Relatives do each of the following: 1. serves a grammatical function within its own dependent clause 2. joins the dependent clause that it introduces to another clause 3. refers to an antecedent in another clause ADJECTIVE CLAUSE

12. Example: God, Who created the universe, also controls it. Who is the subject of created Who joins its dependent clause to the independent one it’s attached to Who refers to God (its antecedent) ADJECTIVE CLAUSE modifies

13. Example: That is a battle about which much has been written. Which is the object of the preposition about Which joins its dependent clause to the independent clause Which refers to battle (its antecedent) Note: When the relative is an object of a preposition, the clause begins with the preposition not the relative ADJECTIVE CLAUSE modifies

14. Examples: A Chopin nocturne was the first piece that he played. -That is the direct object of played A hemophiliac is one whose blood does not clot properly. -Whose is an adjective, modifying the noun blood We just passed a place where we could have eaten breakfast. -Where is an adverb, modifying the verb could have eaten ADJECTIVE CLAUSE

15. Sometimes the relative pronouns is omitted, but this understood pronoun still serves its usual function Example: The flight I needed was canceled. There is an understood that omitted The flight (that) I needed was canceled. The understood that functions as a direct object of the verb needed ADJECTIVE CLAUSE

17. A dependent clause that modifies a verb, and adjective, or an adverb Adverb clauses usually answer the questions: Where When How Why To what extent Under what condition ADVERB CLAUSE

18. For example: We will leave when the storm subsides. He is certain that his request will be granted. Their boat rides smoother than ours does. ADVERB CLAUSE modifies the verb will leave modifies the adverb smoother modifies the adjective certain

19. Adverb clauses are introduced by subordinate conjunctions: -after, although, as, as if, as much as, as long as, as soon as, because, before, if, in order that, lest, since, so that, than, that, though, unless, until, when, whenever, where, wherever, whether, while Introductory adverb clauses are set of by commas Adverb clauses at the end of a sentence do not require commas unless they are nonessential Examples: If any man love the world, the love of the Father is not in him. Never answer a letter while you are angry. ADVERB CLAUSE

20. How in the world do you tell all these things apart? I have no clue…there’s a boatload to know… GOOD LUCK!!! A few tips, however, may come in handy 1. Identify what the clause is modifying (if anything) 2. Look for antecedents 3. Read the sentence to yourself with just the things you think are being modified to see if it makes sense DISTINGUISHING DEPENDENT CLAUSES

21. Adjective clauses are the only dependent clauses that have antecedents Let’s look at some examples: Select a time when we can meet. -When introduces an adjective clause that modifies the noun time. -When has the antecedent time in the main clause I do not know when we can meet. -When introduces a noun clause that’s used as a d.o. We can meet when you have time. -When introduces an adverb clause that modifies the verb can meet DISTINGUISHING DEPENDENT CLAUSES

22. Be careful not to confuse an adjective clause with a noun clause that is being used as an appositive Both are introduced with that You can easily tell by substituting the word that with which If which makes sense in the sentence, the clause is an adjective clause For example: The suggestion that we leave early was well received. -Noun clause because which doesn’t make sense if substituted in for that The suggestion that we contributed was well received. -Adjective clause because which makes sense if substituted in for that DISTINGUISHING DEPENDENT CLAUSES