1. General Licensing Class Oscillators & Components Your organization and dates here

2. 2 Amateur Radio General Class Element 3 Course Presentation  ELEMENT 3 SUB-ELEMENTS (Groupings) 1 - Your Passing CSCE 2 - Your New General Bands 3 - FCC Rules 4 - Be a VE 5 - Voice Operations 6 - CW Lives 7 - Digital Operating 8 - In An Emergency 9 - Skywave Excitement

3. 3 Amateur Radio General Class Element 3 Course Presentation  ELEMENT 3 SUB-ELEMENTS (Groupings) 10 - Your HF Transmitter 11 - Your Receiver  12 - Oscillators & Components 13 - Electrical Principles 14 - Circuits 15 - Good Grounds 16 - HF Antennas 17 - Coax Cable 18 - RF & Electrical Safety

4. Oscillators & Components  The basic components of virtually all sine wave oscillators are a filter and an amplifier operating in a feedback loop. (G7B07) Sine wave Square wave Triangle wave Sawtooth wave Voltage waveforms

5. Oscillators & Components  The inductance and capacitance in the tank circuit determines the frequency of an LC oscillator. (G7B09) Tank Circuits Inductors(variable) Capacitors

6. Oscillators & Components  The control grid is the element of a triode vacuum tube is used to regulate the flow of electrons between cathode and plate. (G6B10)  The primary purpose of a screen grid in a vacuum tube is to reduce grid-to-plate capacitance. (G6B12) H=Heater/Filament; C=Cathode; S=Screen Grid; P=Plate

7. Oscillators & Components  A Field Effect Transistor is the solid state device most like a vacuum tube in its general operating characteristics. (G6B11) In the construction of a MOSFET the gate is separated from the channel with a thin insulating layer. The Gate is similar to the grid of a tube, it controls current flow.

8. Oscillators & Components  The cases of some large power transistors must be insulated from ground to avoid shorting the collector or drain voltage to ground. (G6B08) Power Transistors Insulating wafer

9. Oscillators & Components  The stable operating points for a bipolar transistor used as a switch in a logic circuit are its saturation and cut-off regions. (G6B07) Saturation is where the transistor is Base biased for maximum emitter to collector current flow Cut-off is where the transistor is base biased for minimum emitter to collector current flow  In a MOSFET, the gate is separated from the channel with a thin insulating layer. (G6B09)

10. Oscillators & Components  The approximate junction threshold voltage of a germanium diode is 0.3 volts. (G6B03) This is the voltage drop across the diode junction when it is conducting in the forward direction.  The approximate junction threshold voltage of a silicon diode is 0.7 volts. (G6B05) This is the voltage drop across the diode junction when it is conducting in the forward direction  Lower capacitance is an advantage of using a Schottky diode in an RF switching circuit as compared to a standard silicon diode. (G6B06) It is desirable to have low capacity across the diode junction in higher frequencies where the capacitive reactance forms a significant path around the diode when reverse (Back) biased in the non conductive state.

11. Oscillators & Components  High power consumption is one disadvantage of an incandescent indicator compared to a LED. (G6C07)  An LED is forward biased when emitting light. (G6C08) Array of LEDs and resistors

12. Oscillators & Components  LCDs do not emit light. Therefore, a liquid crystal display requires ambient or back lighting. (G6C09)  A microprocessor is a computer on a single integrated circuit. (G6C11) Basic microprocessor

13. Oscillators & Components  The term MMIC means Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuit. (G6C02)  Analog is also the term that describes an integrated circuit operational amplifier. (G6C06) Schematic symbol Integrated circuit MMIC devices Signal connections

14. Oscillators & Components  The two major ratings that must not be exceeded for silicon-diode rectifiers are peak inverse voltage; average forward current (G6B02)  An advantage of using the binary system when processing digital signals is that binary "ones" and "zeros" are easy to represent with an "on" or "off" state. (G7B02) In digital systems, binary numbers are used to write and keep track of the many possible combinations of the two electrical states

15. Oscillators & Components  For a two input AND gate, the output is high only when both inputs are high. (G7B03) Truth table for AND Gate

16. Oscillators & Components  For a two input NOR gate, the output is low when either or both inputs are high. (G7B04) Truth table for NOR Gate

17. Oscillators & Components  Integrated circuits that provide more complex logic functions, such as counters and shift registers, are also available. A 3-bit binary counter has 8 states. (G7B05) There are 8 states in a 3-bit binary counter.  000 001 010 011  100 101 110 111  A shift register is a clocked array of circuits that passes data in steps along the array. (G7B06) 4-Bit SIPO Shift Register

18. Oscillators & Components  A linear voltage regulator, is an example of an analog integrated circuit. (G6C01) Schematic symbols and actual linear voltage regulators

19. Oscillators & Components  Low power consumption is an advantage of CMOS integrated circuits compared to TTL integrated circuits. (G6C03) CMOS is the most commonly used digital logic family of integrated circuits.  The term ROM means Read Only Memory. (G6C04)  ROM is characterized as “non-volatile,” meaning the stored information is maintained even if power is removed. (G6C05)  Complex digital circuitry can often be replaced by a microcontroller. (G7B01) Intel 8742 DVD Recorder LSI Devices

20. Element 3 General Class Question Pool Oscillators & Components Valid July 1, 2011 Through June 30, 2015

21. G7B07 What are the basic components of virtually all sine wave oscillators? A.An amplifier and a divider B.A frequency multiplier and a mixer C.A circulator and a filter operating in a feedback loop D.A filter and an amplifier operating in a feedback loop

22. G7B09 What determines the frequency of an LC oscillator? A.The number of stages in the counter B.The number of stages in the divider C.The inductance and capacitance in the tank circuit D.The time delay of the lag circuit

23. G6B10 Which element of a triode vacuum tube is used to regulate the flow of electrons between cathode and plate? A.Control grid B.Heater C.Screen Grid D.Trigger electrode

24. G6B12 What is the primary purpose of a screen grid in a vacuum tube? A.To reduce grid-to-plate capacitance B.To increase efficiency C.To increase the high frequency response D.To decrease plate resistance

25. G6B11 Which of the following solid state devices is most like a vacuum tube in its general characteristics? A.A bipolar transistor B.A Field Effect Transistor C.A tunnel diode D.A varistor

26. G6B08 Why must the cases of some large power transistors be insulated from ground? A.To increase the beta of the transistor B.To improve the power dissipation capability C.To reduce stray capacitance D.To avoid shorting the collector or drain voltage to ground

27. G6B07 What are the stable operating points for a bipolar transistor that is used as a switch in a logic circuit? A.Its saturation and cut-off regions B.Its active region (between the cut-off and saturation regions) C.Between its peak and valley current points D.Between its enhancement and deletion modes

28. G6B09 Which of the following describes the construction of a MOSFET? A.The gate is formed by a back-biased junction B.The gate is separated from the channel with a thin insulating layer C.The source is separated from the drain by a thin insulating layer D.The source is formed by depositing metal on silicon

29. G6B03 What is the approximate junction threshold voltage of a germanium diode? A.0.1 volt B.0.3 volts C.0.7 volts D.1.0 volts

30. G6B05 What is the approximate junction threshold voltage of a conventional silicon diode? A.0.1 volt B.0.3 volts C.0.7 volts D.1.0 volts

31. G6B06 Which of the following is an advantage of using a Schottky diode in an RF switching circuit as compared to a standard silicon diode? A.Lower capacitance B.Lower inductance C.Longer switching times D.Higher breakdown voltage

32. G6C07 What is one disadvantage of an incandescent indicator compared to an LED? A.Low power consumption B.High speed C.Long life D.High power consumption

33. G6C08 How is an LED biased when emitting light? A.Beyond cutoff B.At the Zener voltage C.Reverse Biased D.Forward Biased

34. G6C09 Which of the following is a characteristic of a liquid crystal display? A.It requires ambient or back lighting B.It offers a wide dynamic range C.It has a wide viewing angle D.All of these choices are correct

35. G6C11 What is a microprocessor? A.A low powered analog signal processor used as a microwave detector B.A computer on a single integrated circuit C.A microwave detector, amplifier, and local oscillator on a single integrated circuit. D.A low voltage amplifier used in a microwave transmitter modulator stage

36. G6C02 What is meant by the term MMIC? A.Multi Megabyte Integrated Circuit. B.Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuit. C.Military-specification Manufactured Integrated Circuit. D.Mode Modulated Integrated Circuit.

37. G6C06 Which of the following describes an integrated circuit operational amplifier? A.Digital B.MMIC C.Programmable Logic D.Analog

38. G7B02 Which of the following is an advantage of using the binary system when processing digital signals? A.Binary "ones" and "zeros" are easy to represent with an "on" or "off" state B.The binary number system is most accurate C.Binary numbers are more compatible with analog circuitry D.All of these answers are correct

39. G7B03 Which of the following describes the function of a two input AND gate? A.Output is high when either or both inputs are low. B.Output is high only when both inputs are high. C.Output is low when either or both inputs are high. D.Output is low only when both inputs are high.

40. G7B04 Which of the following describes the function of a two input NOR gate? A.Output is high when either or both inputs are low. B.Output is high only when both inputs are high. C.Output is low when either or both inputs are high. D.Output is low only when both inputs are high

41. G7B05 How many states does a 3-bit binary counter have? A.3 B.6 C.8 D.16

42. G7B06 What is a shift register? A.A clocked array of circuits that passes data in steps along the array B.An array of operational amplifiers used for tri-state arithmetic operations C.A digital mixer A.An analog mixer

43. G6C01 Which of the following is an analog integrated circuit? A.NAND Gate B.Microprocessor. C.Frequency Counter D.Linear voltage regulator

44. G6C03 Which of the following is an advantage of CMOS integrated circuits compared to TTL integrated circuits? A.Low power consumption B.High power handling capability C.Better suited for RF amplification D.Better suited for power supply regulation

45. G6C04 What is meant by the term ROM? A.Resistor Operated Memory B.Read Only Memory C.Random Operational Memory D.Resistant to Overload Memory

46. G6C05 What is meant when memory is characterized as “non-volatile”? A.It is resistant to radiation damage B.It is resistant to high temperatures C.The stored information is maintained even if power is removed D.The stored information cannot be changed once written

47. G7B01 Complex digital circuitry can often be replaced by what type of integrated circuit? A.Microcontroller. B.Charge-coupled device. A.Phase detector. B.Window comparator.