1. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 7: Ethnicity The Cultural Landscape: An Introduction to Human Geography

2. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Ethnicity Ethnicity = from the Greek ethnikos/ethnos, meaning “national” –Ethnicities share a cultural identity with people from the same homeland or hearth –Ethnicities have distinctive cultural traits Race = people who share a biological ancestor

3. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Teacher/Class Notes Introduction. Ethnicity is identity with a group sharing the cultural traditions of a homeland/hearth. Geographers are interested in ethnicity because it represents an element of local diversity. Ethnic diversity is not as threatened by the forces of globalization as is the diversity of language or religion. Geographers are also interested in the social classification of people by race because of the past and present spatial sorting of people according to racial characteristics.

4. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Teacher/Class Notes (In the online textbook) Case Study: Ethnic Diversity in America. The case study uses President Barack Obama as an illustration of complex ethnic identities in the United States.

5. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Key Issue 1: Where Are Ethnicities Distributed? Distribution of ethnicities in the United States –Hispanics (Latinos) = 15 percent of the U.S. population –African Americans = 13 percent of the U.S. population –Asian Americans = 4 percent of the U.S. population –American Indians = 1 percent of the U.S. population

6. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Teacher/Class Notes The United States' most numerous ethnic groups display regional concentrations. These groups are Hispanics (15 percent, clustered in the Southwest), African Americans (13 percent, clustered in the Southeast), Asian Americans (1 percent, clustered in the West) and American Indian (1 percent, clustered in the Southwest and Plains states).

7. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Teacher/Class Notes African Americans and Hispanics are clustered in urban areas (more likely to live in cities than rural areas). Cities exhibit ethnic clustering at the neighborhood level, especially in northern cities. At the same time, these cities are multicultural.

8. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Distribution of Hispanics in the United States Figure 7-1

9. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Distribution of African Americans in the United States Figure 7-2

10. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Distribution of Asian Americans in the United States Figure 7-3

11. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Distribution of American Indians in the United States Figure 7-4

12. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Where Are Ethnicities Distributed? Concentration of ethnicities in U.S. cities –90 percent of African Americans and Hispanics live in cities –Remnants of twentieth-century European migration = still evident on the landscape Example: clustering of restaurants in Little Italy, Greektown

13. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Distribution of Ethnicities in Chicago and Los Angeles Figure 7-5Figure 7-6

14. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Where Are Ethnicities Distributed? African American migration patterns –Three major migration patterns Forced migration from Africa (eighteenth century) –The triangular slave trade Immigration from the South to northern cities (first half of the twentieth century) –Identifiable paths of migration Immigration out of inner cities to other urban areas (second half of the twentieth century to present) –The ghetto

15. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Teacher/Class Notes African American Migration Patterns. The distribution of the African American ethnicity in the United States is a product of three migrations: The forced migration of slaves from Africa, the 20th-century economic migration of African Americans to northern cities, and the ongoing intra- urban movement out of inner cities to other urban neighborhoods.

16. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Triangular Slave Trade Pattern Figure 7-8

17. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Teacher/Class Notes After slavery most Africa-Americans remained in the rural South working as sharecroppers, farming land rented from a landowner and paying rent in the form of crops. Blacks were still separated from whites in the South through laws that followed the Supreme Court’s “separate but equal” treatment of the races.

18. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Teacher/Class Notes The second major migration pattern was the migration to Northern cities from the beginning of the twentieth century. In these cities African-American immigrants lived in ghettos, named for the term for neighborhoods where Jews were forced to live in medieval Europe.

19. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Teacher/Class Notes The third migration pattern was their movement from ghettos into neighborhoods immediately adjacent during this time. This was made possible by “white flight” to the suburbs which in turn was encouraged by “blockbusting”, where real estate agents convinced white homeowners living near a black area to sell their houses at low prices.

20. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. African American Migration in the United States (Twentieth Century) Figure 7-10

21. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Where Are Ethnicities Distributed? Differentiating ethnicity and race –Often confusing –Race = traits that are shared genetically Biological features within one racial group are highly variable –Biological classification of people into distinct racial groups is meaningless Spatial effects of racism –“Separate but equal” –“White flight” »Blockbusting –Apartheid in South Africa

22. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Teacher/Class Notes Differentiating Ethnicity and Race. Race and ethnicity are often confused. Race is genetically transmitted while ethnicity is culturally transmitted, so it is incorrect to predict cultural characteristics based on race. The U.S. Census asks people to classify themselves according to fourteen races, some based on skin color, others on national origin.

23. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Teacher/Class Notes The United States has a long tradition of spatial segregation of races. As discriminatory laws and practices were outlawed, whites fled to suburbs, resulting in continued racial inequality. In South Africa racial segregation and discrimination was practiced into the 1990s in the system of apartheid.

24. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Teacher/Class Notes Race, Racism, Racist As stated earlier, race is one’s identity with a group of people who share a biological ancestor. Biological classification by race is the basis for racism, which is the belief that racial differences produce an inherent superiority of a particular race. A racist is someone who follows the beliefs of racism. Characteristics of ethnicity derive from the distinctive features of specific geographic locations whereas those of race are not rooted in particular places.

25. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Teacher/Class Notes Discrimination by race was the cornerstone of the South African legal system of apartheid. Apartheid was the physical separation of different races into separate geographic areas. It t was instituted by the white racist Afrikaners government in 1948, and was particularly designed to subjugate the black majority by forcing them to live in impoverished homelands.

26. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Teacher/Class Notes The apartheid laws were repealed in the 1990s, but although South Africa now has black majority rule, it will take many years to redress/set right their geographic impact.

27. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Apartheid Figure 7-13

28. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Key Issue 2: Why Have Ethnicities Been Transformed into Nationalities? Rise of nationalities –Nationality = identity with a group of people who share a common allegiance to a particular country –Nation-state –Examples Denmark Nation-states in Europe –Nationalism = loyalty and devotion to a nationality

29. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Teacher/Class Notes Nationality, which comes from the Latin word nasci, meaning to have been born. Nationality, the identification with a group sharing legal attachment and loyalty to a country, is similar to ethnicity but carries different meaning. Several ethnic groups may share one nationality.

30. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Teacher/Class Notes More problematically, a country may have ethnic groups with desires for self-rule (self- determination), leading to conflict. The concept of a state composed entirely of one ethnicity is a nation-state. There are no true nation-states since no country has only one ethnicity within its borders. Denmark is an example but it is still not a "perfect" nation-state.

31. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Teacher/Class Notes France and Slovenia are further examples of a “not so perfect” nation-state because no nation-state consists entirely of people from the same ethnic group. There are some German speakers in Denmark and some Danish speakers in Germany. Western Europe is generally organized into approximations of nation-states. The formation of loyalty to a particular state, nationalism, can be beneficial to a state's internal governance but can also lead to intolerance of differences.

32. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Teacher/Class Notes Nationalism refers to the degree of loyalty that one has for a nationality. Nationalism can be instilled by promoting symbols of nationalism such as flags and songs Nationalism is an example of a centripetal force, which is one that tends to unify people behind the state. Centrifugal forces do exactly the opposite and may lead to the break-up of a state.

33. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Nation-states in Europe Figure 7-15

34. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Have Ethnicities Been Transformed into Nationalities? Multinational states –Multiethnic state A state with multiple ethnic groups, all of whom might contribute to a larger national identity –Example: the United States –Multinational state A state with multiple ethnic groups who retain their own distinctive national identity –Example: the United Kingdom –Example: Russia (the largest multinational state) Revival of ethnic identity

35. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Teacher/Class Notes Multinational States/multi-ethnic state: These states contains more than one dominant ethnicity with traditions of self- determination. Each ethnic-group will generally recognize each other as distinct nationalities.

36. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Teacher/Class Notes This is true of the United Kingdom with its four major nationalities: English, Welsh, Scottish, and (northern) Irish. All four field their own national soccer teams.

37. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Teacher/Class Notes Ex. Belgium is divided among the Dutch-speaking Flemish and the French-speaking Walloons. Ex. The former Soviet Union, and present-day Russia. There has been recent conflict over ethnic groups' desire for self-rule in Azerbaijan, Armenia, and Georgia, all former Soviet republics.

38. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Teacher/Class Notes The former Soviet Union was the largest multi-national state with fifteen republics that represented many different ethnic groups. Now they are independent state in the Baltic, Eastern Europe, Central Asia, and the Caucasus.

39. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Teacher/Class Notes There are geopolitical problems in the Caucasus because the boundaries of Armenia, in Azerbaijan and vice versa. Russia is still the largest multinational state with 39 nationalities, many of which, like Chechnya, want to be independent.

40. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Teacher/Class Notes Revival of Ethnic Identity: Since the 1980s, there has been a resurgence of ethnic identity; many ethnic identities which had been subsumed (included, incorporated, listed, considered) by Communist governments are now expressing pride in their distinct identities.

41. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Teacher/Class Notes Prior to the 1980s, this pride in ethnic identity/nationalism was suppressed by Communist control. This resurgence in ethnic identity/nationalism has led to the breakup of the Soviet Union, Yugoslavia, and Czechoslovakia, and the emergence of smaller nation-states.

42. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Teacher/Class Notes Slovenia is a good example of a nation- state that emerged from the former Yugoslavia in the 1990s. Slovenes comprise more than 90% of the population of Slovenia; therefore, the country is relativelypeaceful and stable.

43. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Ethnicities in Russia Figure 7-18

44. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Teacher/Class Notes These movements for self- determination are fueled by ethnonationalism, a strong feeling of belonging to a nation that is a minority within a state.

45. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Key Issue 3: Why Do Ethnicities Clash? Ethnic competition to dominate nationality –Ethnic competition in the Horn of Africa Ethiopia and Eritrea Sudan Somalia –Ethnic competition in Lebanon Religious and ethnic differences

46. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Teacher/Class Notes Ethnic Competition to Dominate Nationality: Ethnic competition for control of a state can result in total war, as in the case of Ethiopia and Eritrea. Eritrean rebels fought against the Ethiopian army in the early 1990s and became the independent state of Eritrea in 1993. There has been conflict between the two over the location of the border since that time.

47. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Teacher/Class Notes Ethnic Competition to Dominate Nationality: There has been civil war in different areas of Sudan in the south and the Arab-Muslim dominated government forces in the north. Now there is ethnic war in the western-most Darfur region. has distinct ethnicities organized on the basis of religion.

48. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Teacher/Class Notes Ethnic Competition to Dominate Nationality: Somalia is a country in turmoil because of conflict between the six major ethnic groups, known as clans.

49. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Ethnic Diversity in Eastern Africa Figure 7-21

50. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Teacher/Class Notes Ethnic Competition to Dominate Nationality: In the Middle East, Lebanon has experienced civil war because of ethnic and religious divisions. The country is comprised of numerous Christian sects as well as Muslims belonging to both the Shiite and Sunni sects.

51. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Ethnicities in Lebanon Figure 7-23

52. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Teacher/Class Notes Ethnic Competition to Dominate Nationality: The island country of Sri Lanka has been torn by fighting between the Sinhalese Buddhists who speak an Indo-European language, and the Tamil Hindus who speak a Dravidian language. The long war between the ethnicities ended in 2009 with the defeat of the Tamil.

53. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Teacher/Class Notes Dividing Ethnicities Among More than One State: When an ethnic group's distribution spans a national boundary, conflict can result as the ethnic group on one side may wish to reunify with the group on the other side.

54. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Do Ethnicities Clash? Dividing ethnicities among more than one state –Dividing ethnicities in South Asia India and Pakistan –Kashmir Sinhalese and Tamils in Sri Lanka

55. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Teacher/Class Notes Conflicts also arise when one ethnicity is split among more than one country. Since India and Pakistan became independent from Britain in 1947, there have been major ethnic disputes. Massive forced migration occurred at the time of independence, but there are still minorities of Hindus in Pakistan and minorities of Muslims in India. Also the two countries never agreed on the location of their boundary in the northern region of Kashmir.

56. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Teacher/Class Notes Dividing Ethnicities Among More than One State: A prime example is the conflict between India and Pakistan over the states of Jammu and Kashmir. Another example of ethnic conflict in South Asia is that between the Sinhalese and Tamil in Sri Lanka.

57. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Ethnic Division in South Asia Figure 7-24

58. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Teacher/Class Notes Global Forces, Local Impacts: Dividing the Kurds. The Kurds are an ethnic group whose homeland straddles the border between Iraq, Turkey, Iran, and Syria. Many Kurds would like an independent homeland but the countries in which they are a minority are unwilling to let go of that territory.

59. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Key Issue 4: What Is Ethnic Cleansing? Ethnic cleansing = process in which a more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful group from their territory –The purpose is not to subjugate, but to remove –Today, most ethnic cleansing happens in Europe and Africa

60. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Teacher/Class Notes Ethnic cleansing is a more powerful group's removal of all members of an ethnic group from an area to create their own nation or nation-state for the more powerful group. Ethnic cleansing may take the form of large-scale forced migration or genocide, where members of the ethnic group are targeted for extermination.

61. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. What Is Ethnic Cleansing? Ethnic cleansing in Europe –Largest forced migration = 1939–1945 Jews, gypsies, and others forcibly removed by Nazis –The former Yugoslavia Creation of multiethnic Yugoslavia The breakup of Yugoslavia –Ethnic cleansing in Bosnia –Ethnic cleansing in Kosovo –Balkanization

62. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Teacher/Class Notes Ethnic Cleansing in Europe: Ethnic cleansing in Europe was infamous in World War II Europe as people were forced to move from changing boundaries as well as the Nazi genocide of Jews and other ethnicities.

63. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Teacher/Class Notes Ethnic Cleansing in Europe: Former Yugoslavia is a more recent example of ethnic cleansing. After the collapse of the Communist government of Yugoslavia, ethnic Serbs and Croats practiced ethnic cleansing in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the hopes of unifying their regions with Serbia and Croatia. Bosnia was the most multi-ethnic republic of former Yugoslavia. At the time of the breakup of Yugoslavia in the early 1990s, the population of Bosnia consisted of 48% Bosnian Muslim, 37% Serb, and 14% Croat.

64. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Teacher/Class Notes Serbs and Croats fought to unite their ethnicity in Bosnia with their respective republics; this is called irredentism. The Serbs in Bosnia were irrendenta of Serbia. In order to do this, the Serbs and Croats both engaged in ethnic cleansing of Bosnian Muslims.

65. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Teacher/Class Notes After the breakup of Yugoslavia, Serbs remained a multi-ethnic state. In fact, their province of Kosovo is 90% ethnic Albanian. Serbia launched a campaign of ethnic cleansing of the Albanian majority. They forced the Albanian population to migrate to Albania. Eventually Serbia withdrew its troops from Kosovo as a result of a North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) air attack. Kosovo declared their independence from Serbia in 2008.

66. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. The Balkans in 1914 Figure 7-29

67. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Teacher/Class Notes The Balkans has always been a region of ethnic conflict. In fact, the term balkanized is used to dfescribe a geographic area that cannot be organized into one or more stable states. Balkanization is the process by which a state breaks down through ethnic conflict. The region is also referred to as the shatterbelt for the same reasons.

68. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. What Is Ethnic Cleansing? Ethnic cleansing in central Africa –Most boundaries in Africa do not correspond to ethnic groups –Conflict between Hutu and Tutsi destabilizes the region Ethnic cleansing and genocide in Rwanda Refugees spill into neighboring countries Democratic Republic of Congo falls into civil war

69. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Teacher/Class Notes Ethnic Cleansing in Central Africa. Colonial boundaries being drawn in a way that grouped historic enemies together or split others apart has resulted in opportunities for ethnic conflict. Rwanda's major groups of Hutus and Tutsis have practiced genocide against one another and taken part in conflicts in neighboring countries.

70. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Teacher/Class Notes Ethnic Cleansing in Central Africa. The Hutus were farmers and the Tutsis were cattle herders. Historically, the Tutsis took control and made the Hutus their serfs. The region was colonized by the Belgians and Germans.

71. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Teacher/Class Notes Shortly before independence in 1962, the Hutus killed or ethnically cleansed most of the Tutsis. The 1994 ethnic cleansing and genocide was when Tutsis defeated the Hutu army and killed half a million Hutus.

72. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Teacher/Class Notes This conflict has spilled into neighboring countries, especially the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and the region is still very unstable because of ethnic conflict.

73. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Ethnicities in Africa Figure 7-33

74. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Teacher/Class Notes Contemporary Geographic Tools Documented Ethnic Cleansing. Aerial photography was instrumental in documenting the scale and nature of ethnic cleansing in former Yugoslavia.

75. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Key Issues Revisited 1.Where are ethnicities distributed? 2.Why have ethnicities been transformed into nationalities? 3.Why do ethnicities clash? 4.What is ethnic cleansing?

76. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. The End. Up next: Political Geography