1. Eastern Valley Civilizations 1. The Indus River Valley 2. The Huang Ho Valley

2. The Indus River Valley 1. Indus River- flows through the countries of Pakistan and India 2. Harappans- people that settled around the Indus River Valley (2500 B.C.) Harappans 1 st to create a civilization 1 st to create a civilization Civilization- 1,000 miles from the Himalaya Mountains to the Indian Ocean Civilization- 1,000 miles from the Himalaya Mountains to the Indian Ocean

3. Using the Indus River Flooding/Irrigation 1. River flooded and made the soil rich 2. People needed to control the flooding ** made Walls and Dams to control ** made Walls and Dams to control ** cleared farmland and irrigated fields ** cleared farmland and irrigated fieldsCrops/Food ** Wheat, barley, melons, dates, fish

4. Cotton 1. Harappans- earliest known people to produce and spin cotton * Spun the cotton * Spun the cotton * Wove it into cloth * Wove it into cloth * Dyed the cloth many different colors * Dyed the cloth many different colors ** Produced cloth 100s of years before anyone else

5. City life for the Harappans Cities- Built them on raised mounds to protect from the flooding * Used river mud to make bricks * Used river mud to make bricks * Used the bricks (fire dried) to build * Used the bricks (fire dried) to build Kilns- Ovens that they baked the bricks in * Much stronger building material than sundried * Much stronger building material than sundried

6. Harappa and Mohenjo-daro 2 Major cities around Harappan Civilization 1. Harappa 1. Harappa 2. Mohenjo-daro 2. Mohenjo-daro ** 400 miles apart (Twin Capitals) ** 400 miles apart (Twin Capitals) Planned Communities- cities built to a definite plan ** Similar to modern day cities ** Similar to modern day cities ** Streets, Right Angle turns, blocks ** Streets, Right Angle turns, blocks ** Square pattern for organization (Grid) ** Square pattern for organization (Grid)

7. Harappan Buildings 1. Most buildings were 2 stories high and built Around a courtyard * Outer walls of the buildings- no windows * Outer walls of the buildings- no windows * Every Building- Own wells and drains * Every Building- Own wells and drains ** carried waste away (sanitation) ** carried waste away (sanitation) 2. The most important buildings were built above houses and shops to be safe from floods and Attack Citadel- Fortress about 40 feet high * Contained the “Great Bath” (Social Place) * Contained the “Great Bath” (Social Place) * Used for Religious ceremonies * Used for Religious ceremonies

8. Decline of the Harappans ** No one knows exactly what happened to the Harappan Civilization A Few Theories: 1. Used up their natural resources (trees) 2. Invasion from other civilizations 3. Moved somewhere else

9. Little Known Civilization ** Very little is known about the Harappans and their civilization Things we do not know: 1. Cannot read their writing 2. No known record of political history 3. No royal tomb found 4. Religion- very little about their beliefs ** They have more than 1 god (all female) ** They have more than 1 god (all female)

10. What We Do Know ** Most of our knowledge comes from Ancient Ruins (buildings/cities) 1. Jewelry- gold and blue stone (lapis lazuli) 2. Tools made from stone and copper 3. Tiny seals made from soapstone ** Most important finding- Info about their economy, lifestyle, language and trade ** Most important finding- Info about their economy, lifestyle, language and trade