1. Muscle Structure and Function
Chapter 9 – Part 2
Muscles of the Arm, Leg, Face, Torso, and Neck

2. Muscle Attachment Does NOT move when muscle contracts Does move when

3. Classification of Muscle Group Actions
Agonist (Prime Mover)
Muscle most responsible for movement
Antagonist
Opposes prime mover
Provides precision and control during prime mover contraction
Relaxes when prime mover contracts
Synergist
Aid prime mover
Contract at same time as prime mover

4. Limb muscles Muscles of the limb function in:
Movement, grasping, balance
Deltoid: muscle forming the rounded contour of the shoulder; moves upper arm
Pectoralis major: thick, fan-shaped muscle, situated at the chest (anterior) of the human body; moves upper arm
Biceps brachii: two-headed muscle that lies on the upper arm between the shoulder and the elbow; flexes arm
Brachialis: muscle in the upper arm that flexes the elbow joint
Brachioradialis: muscle of the forearm that flexes the forearm at the elbow; capable of both pronation and supination
Palmaris longus: muscle starts up near the elbow and runs across the middle of the forearm; flexes hand
Flexor carpi ulnaris: muscle of the human forearm that acts to flex and adduct the hand
Flexor carpi radialis:  muscle of the human forearm that acts to flex and abduct the hand

5. Color Key Purple: Muscles that move the upper arm
Orange: Muscles that move the forearm
Brown: Muscles that flex the hand

6. Anterior superficial muscles of the shoulder and arm

7. Posterior Arm Muscles
Triceps brachii:  muscle (3 heads) on the back of the upper arm; moves forearm
Anconeus: small triangular elbow muscle connecting the medial side of the ulna to the lateral side of the humerus; extends forearm
Extensor carpi radialis longus: found on the lateral side of the humerus, and attaching to the base of metacarpal 2 (pointer finger)
Extensor carpi radialis brevis: found on the lateral side of the humerus, running alongside the radius; extends/abduct the wrist
Extensor digitorium: extends the medial four digits (phalanges) of the hand
Extensor digiti minimi: muscle of the forearm that extends phalanx 5 (pinky finger!)
Extensor carpi ulnaris:  extend and adduct at the wrist

8. Color Key Orange: Muscles that move the forearm
Brown: Muscles that extend the hand

9. Posterior superficial muscles of the arm
Flexor Carpi Ulnaris
Posterior superficial muscles of the arm
Anconeus
Extensor digiti minimi 14

10. Find the muscles on your body.

11. Anterior Upper Leg Muscles
Quadriceps: 4-headed muscle made up of the vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, vastus medialis, and rectus femoris; moves lower leg
Sartorius:  assists in flexing, weak abduction and lateral rotation of the hip, and flexion of knee
Gracilis: originates at the ischiopubic ramus and extends down to the tibia; responsible for hip adduction and assists knee flexion
Adductor Longus: main function is to adduct the thigh

12. Upper Leg (Anterior) quadriceps psoas major iliacus rectus femoris
vastus intermedius
(under rectus femoris)
vastus medials
vastus lateralis

13. Upper Leg (Anterior) tensor fascia latae sartorius quadriceps tendon
patellar ligament

14. Posterior Upper Leg
Gluteus Maximus: located in the buttocks and is regarded as one of the strongest muscles in the human body; responsible for movement of the hip and thigh
Illotibial band: works to extend, abduct, and laterally rotate the hip; knee stabilization
Biceps femoris: Both heads of the biceps femoris perform knee flexion. Since the long head originates in the pelvis it is also involved in hip extension; hamstrings
Semimembranosus: enabling the leg to flex and rotate, and serving as a thigh extensor; hamstrings
Semitendinosis: long, superficial muscle in the back of the thigh; hamstrings

15. Upper Leg (Posterior) hamstring group gluteus medius biceps femoris
gluteus maximus
semitendinosus
iliotibial band
semimembranosus
Upper Leg (Posterior)

16. Muscles of the Lower Leg
Gastrocnemius: Along with the soleus muscle, it forms half of the calf muscle; function in plantar flexion of the foot and flexing the leg at the knee joint
Soleus: plantar flexion of the foot; powerful musclevital in walking, running, and dancing
Achilles tendon: largest and strongest tendon in the human body; connects the calcaneus to the muscles at the back of the calf
Extensor digitorum: wing-shaped muscle works to extend the foot at the ankle, along with phalanx 2-5
Tibialis anterior: dorsiflexion and inversion of the ankle
Fibularis longus: also known as the peroneus longus; muscle inside the outer area of the human leg, which everts (bends in an outward direction) and flexes the ankle.

17. calcaneal (Achilles) tendon
adductor longus
gracilis
adductor magnus
gastrocnemius
soleus
sartorius
calcaneal (Achilles) tendon
Medial Leg Muscles

18. Lower Lateral Leg tibialis anterior fibularis (peroneus) longus
extensor digitorum
retinaculum

19. Knee Muscles/Connections
Patellar ligament: connects to two different bones, the patella and the tibia.
Quadriceps tendon: attaches patella to the quadriceps muscles by the
Meniscus: lateral and medial
Two vital functions:
Transfer the load from the upper leg to the lower leg
Stabilize the knee during flexion, extension and during circular movements.
The menisci move during the backward flexion and the forward extension of the knee in order to balance the change of the articular surfaces.

20. (with tendon & ligament removed)
medial meniscus
Knee Joint
quadriceps tendon
posterior cruciate ligament
lateral meniscus
patella
patellar ligament
anterior cruciate ligament
tibial (medial) collateral ligament
fibular (lateral) collateral ligament
Anterior
Posterior
(with tendon & ligament removed)

21. Head and Neck Muscles
There are 4 basic functions of head and neck muscles:
swallowing and chewing (mastication)
making facial expressions
moving your neck
supporting your head

22. Muscles of the Head and Neck

23. Posterior neck muscles
The muscles in the neck help to support the head. How much do you think an average adult head weighs?
(over 11 pounds)

24. Superficial Back Muscles
Large, fan-shaped muscles provide force in a wide range of body positions
-EX: leaning back to straight vertical and all points in between.
Levator Scapulae
Trapezius
Supraspinitus
Infraspinitus
Deltoid
Teres Major
Latissimus Dorsi
Rhomboid Major

25. Trunk Muscles - Thorax
Elevate ribs
Depress Ribs

26. Trunk Muscles Abdomen Flexes trunk Stabilizes Lower back Compresses

27. Strains vs. Sprains
A strain is when you "pull" a muscle and a sprain is when you damage a ligament. 
Classification of Strains and Sprains:
First degree: a few fibers of the ligament/ muscle are torn and loss of function is mild
Second degree: roughly half of the fibers of the ligament/ muscle are torn loss of function is moderate to severe
Third degree: all or most of the fibers of the ligament/ muscleare torn and loss of function is severe
RICE:
Rest
Ice
Compression
Elevation