1. Russian History Three Eras: Czarist Russia, Soviet Union, & Russia Today

2. CZARIST RUSSIA Ivan III (Ivan the Great) 1462-1505 CZARIST RUSSIA Ivan III (Ivan the Great) 1462-1505 Conquered territory around Moscow - tripling the size of Russia Conquered territory around Moscow - tripling the size of Russia Liberated Russia from Mongols Liberated Russia from Mongols Laid the foundation for absolute monarchy Laid the foundation for absolute monarchy

3. Ivan the Terrible (ruled: 1547-1584) Grandson of Ivan III Grandson of Ivan III Strengthened the monarchy: first “official” czar of Russia. Laws restricted the mobility of the peasants, which would eventually lead to serfdom Added territory, unified Russia Created a code of laws Ruthless: Exiled or executed many of his nobles at the slightest provocation.

4. Peter the Great (ruled: 1672-1725) Gains territory, transformed Russia into a world power Gains territory, transformed Russia into a world power Looks to Western Europe for changes Looks to Western Europe for changes Introduced the potato Started a newspaper Raised women’s status Introduced western clothing to Russia Opened schools – arts & sciences

5. Catherine the Great Catherine II (Ruled: 1762-1796)  Most admired of all the Russian rulers.  German princess who married a Russian prince.  Educated and well read  Expands empire to Black Sea area.

6. Nicholas II (rule:1894- 1917) Not prepared for the responsibilities of the throne. Did not allow representative power of the people. Russia went from a great power to an economic & military disaster (WWI) Accomplishments: Trans Siberian Railroad (see map left) Factories doubled 1863- 1900

7. Events leading up to the Russian & Bolshevik Revolutions 1917 a series of revolutions that led to the dissolution of czarist Russia Bloody Sunday 1905: Demonstrators petitioning the palace were gunned down. Bloody Sunday 1905: Demonstrators petitioning the palace were gunned down. Extreme Poverty of the freed serfs, food shortages Extreme Poverty of the freed serfs, food shortages WWI (1914) – Russia forced into war, suffered huge losses & social & economic problems worsened. WWI (1914) – Russia forced into war, suffered huge losses & social & economic problems worsened. Nicholas abdicated in 1917. In 1918 he & his family were murdered by the Bolsheviks (Communists). Nicholas abdicated in 1917. In 1918 he & his family were murdered by the Bolsheviks (Communists). The next 75 years Russia was dominated by “Rule by Fear” & by men like Lenin & Stalin…

8. Lenin’s Take Over (chairman 1917 - 1924) The First Head of the Soviet Socialist Republic Introduced reforms: New Economic Policy (NEP) Allow individuals to buy/sell for profit Gov’t controlled major industries, banks, communications Farmland seized from wealthy, divided among the peasants - encouraged collective farming Women received equal pay Education important – stressed socialist doctrine, technical schools Religion discouraged

9. Joseph Stalin (chairman:1924-1953) Returned to command economy Returned to command economy 5 Year Plan 5 Year Plan Goal – turn Soviet Union into a modern, industrialized society Goal – turn Soviet Union into a modern, industrialized society Collective farming failed – famine & crop failure millions died Collective farming failed – famine & crop failure millions died Steel production increased Steel production increased Purges – a large scale elimination of enemies. Purges – a large scale elimination of enemies. Estimated 5 million were arrested, deported, or executed between 1934- 1939 Estimated 5 million were arrested, deported, or executed between 1934- 1939

10. Problem Attempted Solution Results Near economic collapse Lenin’s NEP Moderate success Agriculture Collective farms Failed; famine Power struggle – Stalin and Trotsky Savage and brutal competition Stalin emerged as victor Little economic growth Stalin’s first 5 year plan Succeeded n reviving industry somewhat No increase in consumer goods Second 5 year plan Industry grows – people starve Problems of the New Soviet Union

11. The Cold War (1945-1991) This “war” was a battle of words and rising armaments between USSR and US. This “war” was a battle of words and rising armaments between USSR and US. Specific events during the Cold War intensified hostilities, or decreased them. Specific events during the Cold War intensified hostilities, or decreased them. Vietnam War, Korean War Vietnam War, Korean War It ended with the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991 It ended with the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991

12. Fall of Communism Mikhail Gorbachev head (“Premier”) of USSR 1985-1991 Responsible for ending communism in the USSR Relaxed economic control Relaxed economic control Reduced military spending Reduced military spending Introduced - Introduced - Glasnost: openness by the gov’t Glasnost: openness by the gov’t Peristroika: political/economic reforms Peristroika: political/economic reforms Results: Results: Increased tensions between ethnic groups Increased tensions between ethnic groups People demandm more freedom & independence. 1991 Soviet Union ceased to exist as republics broke off & formed their own countries.

13. Yeltsin (president: 1991-1999) First elected President First elected President Transformation to democracy High inflation Unemployment Food & housing shortages Open Russia to foreign investment Privatized industry

14. Vladimir Putin Leader of Russia since 2000 Increased GDP by 72% Real wages tripled Rules like a dictator Hand-selected his successor in 2008 Ran for another term in 2012, Increased term from 4 years to 6. Countries around the world including the US worry about his leadership