1. Depletion of the Nuclear Fermi Sea  Motivation  General properties momentum distributions.  Single particle spectral functions at zero and finite Temperature  Single-particle properties.  Momentum distributions  Conclusions and perspectives PRC71 (2005) 014313, PRC69(2004)054305, PRC72(2005)024316,PRC74 (2006) 054317, PRC73 (2006)024305,PRC78(2008)044314, PRC79(2009)025802 A. Rios, W. Dickhoff, A. Polls

2. One of the goals of nuclear structure theory still is the “ab initio” description of nuclear systems ranging from the deuteron to heavy nuclei, and neutron stars using a single parametrization of the nuclear force. To this end it could be useful to study symmetric and asymmetric nuclear matter. “ab initio” could mean different things … 1.Choose degrees of freedom: nucleons 2.Define interaction: Realistic phase-shift equivalent two-body potential (CDBONN, Av18). 3.Select three-body force With these ingredients we build a non-relativistic Hamiltonian ===> Many-body Schrodinger equation. To solve this equation (ground or excited states) one needs a sophisticated many-body machinery. Variational methods as FHNC or VMC Quantum Monte Carlo: GFMC and AFDMC. Simulation box with a finite number of particles. Special method for sampling the operatorial correlations.

3. Perturbative methods: Due to the short-range structure of a realistic potential == > infinite partial summations. Diagrammatic notation is useful. Brueckner-Hartree-Fock. is the sum of 18 operators that respect some symmetries. components 15-18 violate charge indepedence. Argonne v18 Self- Consistent Green’s function (SCGF)

4. Phase shifts in the 1S0 channel.

5. Central, isospin, spin, and spin-isopin components. The repulsive short-range of the central part has a peak value of 2031 MeV at r=0.

6. NN correlations and single particle properties The microscopic study of the single particle properties in nuclear systems requires a rigorous treatment of the nucleon-nucleon (NN) correlations.  Strong short range repulsion and tensor components, in realistic interactions to fit NN scattering data  Important modifications of the nuclear wave function.  Simple Hartree-Fock for nuclear matter at the empirical saturation density using such realistic NN interactions provides positive energies rather than the empirical -16 MeV per nucleon.  The effects of correlations appear also in the single-particle properties:  Partial occupation of the single particle states which would be fully occupied in a mean field description and a wide distribution in energy of the single-particle strength. Evidencies from (e,e’p) and (e,e’) experiments.

7. The Single particle propagator a good tool to study single particle properties Not necessary to know all the details of the system ( the full many-body wave function) but just what happens when we add or remove a particle to the system. It gives access to all single particle properties as :  momentum distributions  self-energy ( Optical potential)  effective masses  spectral functions Also permits to calculate the expectation value of a very special two- body operator: the Hamiltonian in the ground state. Self-consistent Green’s function (SCGF) and Correlated Basis Function (CBF).

8. Typical behavior of n(k) as a function of temperature for the ideal Bose and Fermi gases. n(k) is also affected by statistics and temperature. The effects of quantum statistics become dominant below a characteristic temperature Tc. Macroscopic occupation of the zero momentum state for Bose systems. Discontinuity of n(k) at the Fermi surface at T=0.

9. Typical behaviour of the momentum distribution and the one-body density matrix in the ground state for interacting Bose and Fermi systems

10. Liquid 3He is a very correlated Fermi liquid. Large depletion Units : Energy (K) and length (A)

11. n(p) for nuclear matter. Units. Energy in Mev and lengths in fm Depletion rather constant below the Fermi momentum. Around 15 per cent

12. Single particle propagator Heisenberg picture T is the time ordering operator Finite temperature Zero temperature The trace is to be taken over all energy eigenstates and all particle number eigenstates of the many-body system Z is the grand partition function

13. Lehmann representation + Spectral functions FT+ clossure  Lehmann representation The summation runs over all energy eigenstates and all particle number eigenstates

14. The spectral function with therefore where Is the Fermi function and Momentum distribution T=0 MeV Finite T

15. Spectral functions at zero tempearture FrFr Free system  Interactions  Correlated system

16. Spectral functions at finite Temperature Free system  Interactions  Correlated system

17. Tails extend to the high energy range. Quasi-particle peak shifting with density. Peaks broaden with density.

18. Dyson equation

19. How to calculate the self-energy The self-energy accounts for the interactions of a particle with the particles in the medium. We consider the irreducible self-energy. The repetitions of this block are generated by the Dyson equation. The first contribution corresponds to a generalized HF, weighted with n(k) The second term contains the renormalized interaction, which is calculated in the ladder approximation by propagating particles and holes. The ladder is the minimum approximation that makes sense to treat short-range correlations. It is a complex quantity, one calculates its imaginary part and after the real part is calculated by dispersion relation.

20. The interaction in the medium

21. Momentum distributions for symmetric nuclear matter At T= 5 MeV, for FFG k<kF, 86 per cent of the particles! and 73 per cent at T=10 MeV. In the correlated case, at T=5 MeV for k< kF, 75 per cent and 66 per cent at T= 10 MeV. At low T (T= 5 MeV), thermal effects affect only the Fermi surface. At large T, they produce also a depletion. The total depletion (around 15 per cent) can be considered the sum of thermal depletion (3 per cent) and the depletion associated to dynamic correlations..

22. Density dependence of n(k=0) at T=5 MeV. n(0) contains both thermal and dynamical effects. PNM is less correlated than SNM, mainly due to the absence of the Deuteron channel in PNM

23. Momentum distributions of symmetric and neutron matter at T=5 MeV High-momentum tails increase with density (Short-range correlations)

24. Approximate relations of the momentum distribution and the energy derivatives of the real part of the time ordered self-energy at the quasi-particle energy. The self-energy down has contributions from 2p1h self-energy diagrams The self-energy up has contributions from 2h1p self-energy diagrams

25. Momentum distributions obtained from the derivatives of the self-energy Numerical agreement between both methods.

26. The circles represent the position of the quasi-particle energy

28. Neutron and proton momentum distributions for different asymmetries The less abundant component ( the protons) are very much affected by thermal effects.

29. Dependence of n(k=0) on the asymmetry

30. K=0 MeV proton spectral function for different asymmetries a→ 1, k F p → 0 MeV, the quasi-particle peak gets narrower and higher. The spectral function at positive energies is larger with increasing asymmetry. Tails extend to the high- energy range. Peak broadens with density

31. Density and temperature dependence of the spectral function for neutron matter

32. n(k=0) for nuclear and neutron matter,

34. Real part of the on-shell self-energy for neutron matter

35. n(k) for neutron matter

36. Occupation of the lowest momentum state as a function of density for neutron matter.

37. Summary  The calculation and use of the single particle Green’s function is suitable and it is easily extended to finite T. Temperature helps to avoid the “np” pairing instability.  The propagation of holes and the use of the spectral functions in the intermediate states of the G-matrix produces repulsion. The effects increase with density.  Important interplay between thermal and dynamical correlation effects.  For a given temperature and decreasing density, the system approaches the classical limit and the depletion of n(k) increases.  For larger densities, closer to the degenerate regime, dynamical correlations play an important role. For neutrons, n(0) decreases with increasing density. For nuclear matter happens the contrary, this has been associated with the tensor force.  For a given density and temperature, when the asymmetry increases, the neutrons get more degenerate and the protons loss degeneracy. The depletion of the protons is larger and contains important thermal effects.  Three-body forces should not change the qualitative behavior.

38. Proton and neutron momentum distributions a=0.2, r=0.16 fm-3 The BHF n(k) do not contain correlation effects and very similar to a normal thermal Fermi distribution. The SCGF n(k) contain thermal and correlation effects. Depletion at low momenta and larger occupation than the BHF n(k) at larger momenta. The proton depletion is larger than the neutron depletion. Relevant for (e,e’p).

41. Different components of the imaginary and real parts of the self-energy

42. How to calculate the energy Koltun sum-rule The BHF approach  is the BHF quasi-particle energy Does not include propagation of holes