3. 1. What is the Endocrine System?

4. A collection of glands that secrete hormones.

5. 2. What is a Hormone?

6. A chemical messenger, secreted by glands, that move slowly through the body as it rides the blood stream.

7. 3. List the five major processes controlled by the endocrine system:

8. a- REPRODUCTION b- GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

9. c- MOBILIZING THE BODY’S DEFENSES AGAINST STRESSORS.

10. d- MAINTAINING ELECTROLYTE, WATER, AND NUTRIENT BALANCE IN THE BLOOD.

11. e- REGULATING CELLULAR METABOLISM AND ENERGY BALANCE

12. 4. IDENTIFY THE THREE CLASSIFICATIONS OF HORMONES:

13. LIST: Amino acid based molecules

14. Identify: Proteins, Peptides, and Amines

15. List: Steroids

16. Identify: Made from cholesterol, includes sex hormone and adrenaline

17. List: Prostaglandins

18. Identify: Local hormones made from highly active lipids found in the cell’s plasma membrane. Includes signaling molecules between adjacent cells.

19. 5. What are Target Cells?

20. Specific cells or target organs that will respond to the hormones.

21. 6. How does a hormone recognize its target cells from the other cells it comes in contact with?

22. The target cells will have special protein receptors on its plasma membrane that it can bind with.

23. 7. List four possible changes that may be brought about by a hormone:

24. a- Changes in plasma membrane permeability or electrical state.

25. b- Synthesis of proteins or enzymes within the cell.

26. c- Activation or inactivation of enzymes

27. d- Stimulation of mitosis

28. 8. Differentiate the two mechanisms used b hormones to cause change:

29. Steroid hormones Diffuses into the cell’s nucleus, binds to the DNA and causes the formation of new proteins that have new properties.

30. Non – Steroid hormones “Proteins & Peptide Hormones. 1. These hormones bind to receptors on the cell membrane of the target cells.

31. Non – Steroid hormones “Proteins & Peptide Hormones. Creates an internal enzyme that cause the desired change within the cell.

32. 9. What is the chief means of controlling the hormone level in the blood:

33. NEGATIVE FEEDBACK The excess product shuts down production until more is needed.

34. 10. Differentiate three ways that endocrine glands are stimulated to release their hormones:

35. a- Hormonal stimulation One hormone turns on another hormone which triggers another hormone.

36. b- Humoral stimulation Low calcium levels in the blood cause the release of PTH which causes osteoclast in the bone to release Calcium into the blood stream.

37. c- Neural Stimulation The nervous system sends an efferent message to the gland causing it to secrete its hormones.

38. 11. Label the major endocrine organs of the body:

39. Pineal gland Hypothalamus Pituitary gland Thyroid gland Parathyroid gland

40. Thymus gland Adrenal gland Pancreas Ovary (female) Testes (male)

41. 12. Complete the following chart of major endocrine glands, their hormones, and actions:

42. Pineal gland

43. Hormone released: MELATONIN

44. Action of the Hormone: Involved in rhythmic activities( daily and seasonal)

45. HYPOTHALAMUS

46. Hormone released: “ Control Hormones ”

47. Action of the hormones: Regulate the activities of the Pituitary gland

48. Pituitary gland 8

49. Name of Hormone: OXYTOCIN

50. Action of oxytocin: Stimulate contraction of uterus and the milk “let down” reflex.

51. Hormone released: Antidiuretic hormone

52. Action of the Antidiuretic hormone: Promotes retention of water by the kidney.

53. Hormone released: GROWTH HORMONE

54. Function of the growth hormone: Stimulates growth of bones and muscles, and metabolism.

55. Hormone released: Prolactin

56. Function of the prolactin: Stimulate milk production.

57. Hormone released: Follicle stimulating hormone: (FSH)

58. Function of the FSH: Stimulates the production of sperm and eggs.

59. Hormone released: Luteinizing hormone (LH)

60. Function of LH: Stimulates the development of the ovaries and testes

61. Name of the hormone: Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

62. Function of the TSH: Stimulates the thyroid gland

63. Hormone produced: Adrenocorticotropic hormone: (ACTH)

64. Function of the ACTH: Stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids

65. Thyroid gland 2

66. Hormone released: Thyroxin a-

67. Function of the thyroxin: Stimulates metabolism

68. Hormone released: Calcitonin b-

69. Function of the Calcitonin: Reduces blood calcium levels.

70. 13. A continuation of 12.

71. Parathyroid gland

72. Hormone released: Parathyroid hormone

73. Function of the parathyroid hormone: Raises blood calcium levels.

74. Thymus gland

75. Hormone released: Thymosin

76. Function of the thymosin: Programs “T” cells in the immune system.

77. Adrenal glands 3

78. Hormone released: a- Epinephrine and norepinephrine

79. Function of the epinephrine and norepinephrine: Increases blood glucose; increase rate of metabolism; constricts certain blood vessels.

80. Hormone released: b- glucocorticoids

81. Function of the glucocorticoids: Increases blood glucose levels.

82. Hormone released: Mineralocorticoids

83. Function of the mineralocorticoids: Promotes reabsorption of Na + and the excretion of K + in the kidneys.

84. Pancreas 2

85. Hormone released: Insulin

86. Function of the insulin: Reduces blood glucose levels.

87. Hormone released: Glucagon

88. Function of the Glucagon: “Raises blood glucose levels”

89. Testes

90. Hormone released: Testosterone

91. Function of the testosterone: Male sex hormone, creates secondary male characteristics, and causes the formation of sperm.

92. Ovaries

93. Hormone released: Estrogen

94. Function of estrogen: Stimulates uterine lining growth; development and maintenance of female secondary sexual characteristics.

95. 14. Complete the following chart regarding hormones that are produced by ORGANS other than the major endocrine organs.

96. Source: Plasma membrane of all body cells.

97. Hormone : Prostaglandin

98. Action taken by prostaglandin: Acts locally at the site of release. -Signaling hormones. -Maintenance hormones.

99. Source: Stomach

100. Hormone: Gastrin

101. Action taken by gastrin: Stimulates glands to release hydrochloric acid in the stomach.

102. Source: Duodenum of the Small intestine 3

103. Hormone: Intestinal gastrin a-

104. Function of the intestinal gastrin: Inhibits HCL secretion and stimulates gastrointestinal tract mobility.

105. Hormone : Secretin b-

106. Function of the secretin(3) 1. Stimulates release of bicarbonate – rich juice from pancreas.

107. 2. Increases release of bile from the liver. 3. Inhibits secretory activity in the stomach.

108. Hormone: Cholecystokinin

109. Function of the Cholecystokinin: (3) 1- Stimulate the release of pancreatic enzymes.

110. 2- Causes the gall bladder to release its bile. 3- Causes sphincters to relax so that the enzymes and bile can enter the small intestine.

111. Source: Kidney 2

112. Hormone: Erythropoientin

113. Function of erythropoientin: Stimulate production of red blood cells in the bone marrow.

114. Hormone: Vitamin “D”

115. Function of the vitamin”D”: Stimulates active transport of dietary calcium across intestinal cell membranes.

116. Source: HEART

117. Hormone released by the heart: Atrial Natriuretic peptide

118. Function of the atrial natriuretic peptide: “Inhibits sodium absorption in the kidney”

119. 15. Complete the following chart regarding diseases of the endocrine system:

120. Name of the disease: Dwarfism

122. Cause of dwarfism: Lack of growth hormone during childhood.

123. Symptoms of dwarfism: Body proportions normal, but is a miniature person usually about 4 feet tall.

124. Name of the disease: GIANTISM

126. Cause of giantism: Too much growth hormone DURING CHILDHOOD.

127. Symptoms of giantism: Body proportions normal, but may reach 8 to 9 feet tall.

128. Name of the disease: Acromegaly

130. Cause of agromegaly: Growth hormone continues to be secreted after puberty.

131. Symptoms of agromegaly: Course malformed facial features as the lower jaw and ridges under the eyebrows get huge. Hands and feet get huge.

132. Name of disease: Multiple Ovulation

134. Cause of multiple ovulation: Medication used to cause the release of an over abundance of gonadotropic hormones.

135. Symptoms: Causes the release of more than one egg during ovulation, results of this is multiple fertilization, causing many babies to attempt development within the uterus.

136. Name of the disease: Goiter

138. Causes of Goiter: Lack of iodine in our diet.

139. Symptoms of Goiter: Causes the thyroid gland to enlarge, creating a huge growth in the neck.

140. Name of the disease: Tetany

141. Causes of tetany: Blood calcium levels become dangerously low.

142. Pops note! Notice the similarity between tetany and tetanus.

143. Symptoms of tetany: Neurons become very irritable and overactive. They deliver impulses to the muscles at such a rapid rate that the muscles go into uncontrollable spasms. May be fatal.

144. Name of the disease: Cushing’s syndrome

146. Causes of Cushing’s syndrome. Brain tumor causes an over production of glucocorticoids.

147. Symptoms of cushing’s syndrome: (4) 1- A moon face 2- The appearance of a “buffalo lump” of fat on the upper back.

148. 3- High blood pressure 4- hyperglycemia and possible diabetes.

149. Name of the disease: Diabetes mellitus

150. Cause of diabetes mellitus: “under production of insulin”

151. Symptoms of diabetes mellitus: Starvation, as the body cells can no longer accept sugar from the blood stream.

152. 16. Melatonin

154. What is it? A regulatory hormone secreted by the pineal gland.

155. How does it affect sleep? Melatonin is the sleep trigger. It causes you to go to sleep.

156. How does it affect a person’s mood? It puts you in a drowsy, possibly depressed mood.

157. Why do we need to make sure that we get a steady supply of fresh sunshine?

158. Bright light, especailly the full spectrum of the sun, turns off the production of melatonin. This will cause your mood to improve dramatically.

159. What is the relationship between melatonin production and aging?

160. Melatonin is the most powerful anti-oxidant produced by the body. A steady supply of melatonin, tends to slow down the aging process.

161. What is the relationship between melatonin and the immune system?

162. Melatonin causes sleep. During your sleep cycles, your immune system is recharged! Melatonin is a great thing when it comes to helping you sleep, therefore, improving your immune system.