2. An Overview of APA Style and Format APA Portland State Writing Center 2002

3. Table of Contents Section One: Basic APA Manuscript Guidelines Section Two: How, When, and Why to Quote Section Three: Samples of Reference and In-text Parenthetical Citation

4. Section One: Guidelines Type or print on one side only of white, unruled paper; Double-space the entire paper--title page, abstract, headings, text, references, and block quotations. Left justify text only; no right flush text. Leave a minimum one-inch margin on the sides, top, and bottom of each page.

5. Section One: Guidelines cont. A separate title page is required. The title page includes four elements: manuscript page header; running head for publication; title; by line and institutional affiliation.

6. Section One: Guidelines cont. If an abstract is required, begin an abstract on a new page. Do not exceed 120 words. Abstracts are required for most journal entry submissions; however, most often you do not need an abstract for academic papers.

7. Section One: Guidelines cont.  Begin the actual text on a new page. Type the title of the paper, centered, at the top of the page, double-space, indent, and then type the text. Indent the beginning of each paragraph 5 spaces.

8. Section One: Guidelines cont. Remember to document your sources. You must document: all quotations and any paraphrases. Material that is repeated in more than one source, may not have to be documented. When using a long quotation, indent 5- 7 spaces and omit the quotation marks. If the quotation has internal paragraphs, indent the internal paragraphs a further 5-7 spaces.

9. Section One: Guidelines cont. The Reference list is alphabetized according to author's last name--or title if no author is given Start the reference list on a new page. Type References, centered, at the top of the page. Double-space all reference entries. Format.

10. Section One: Guidelines cont. Any bibliographic or content notes should be numbered Place the content notes on a separate page, titled Footnotes, and insert after the References, or in some cases, at the bottom of the page.

11. Section One: Guidelines cont. Graphs, charts, figures, tables, and other illustrative materials are placed near the applicable paragraph. Tables need to be numbered and titled. Some professors prefer all illustrations in an appendix.

12. Section Two: The How, When, and Why of Quotations Your own words should clearly dominate. You are in control, not your sources. If you rely heavily on other people’s words, then you are not writing the paper; they are. Use a variety of sources. If you rely too much on one source, your reader may as well go directly to that source instead of reading your paper. Don’t overuse any one source.

13. Section Two: Quotations cont. Choose your quotations carefully and for specific reasons: Memorable language Authority Accuracy Brevity

14. Section Two: Quotations cont. Cite a source and page number for each quotation. You must cite a source and page number for quotation but may not be required to give a page number for paraphrase. Most professors also like to see a page number even for paraphrase; check with your professor to make sure. When in doubt, give the page number.

15. Section Two: Quotations cont. Avoid plagiarism by paraphrasing carefully and by keeping track of where you found your material. Paraphrasing is more than substituting noun or verb synonyms; it involves changes in sentence structure.. “A foolish consistency is the hobgoblin of little minds” (Emerson, 1993, p.394). After all, as Ralph Waldo Emerson (1993) implied, ill-advised and overly consistent behavior can lead to narrow-mindedness.

16. Section Two: Quotations cont. Because the reader needs to know how you are connecting the ideas, you need to provide your own link between quotations. Never use quotations back to back without your own linking words. Discuss your quotations. Don’t just pop in a quotation and run. Along with introducing the quotation, you often need to discuss the quotation’s significance.

17. Section Two: Quotations cont.  Avoid wordiness in introducing your quotation. At times you may wish to discuss the background of a source at length, but mostly you will want to avoid this sort of wordy introduction. Make sure the reader knows where your ideas end and others’ begin.

18. Section Two: Quotations cont. At times change the position of your quotations to provide variety in your sentences. Remember that quotations can appear in different positions. After you’ve finished your first complete draft, scan the entire paper to make sure that you’re not quoting too much. If necessary, revise the paper to quote less and paraphrase more.

19. Section Two: Quotations cont. Select the right verb and tense. Don’t overuse “says” or “states.” For example: adds, agrees, alleges, argues, asserts, claims, compares, concludes, contrasts, declares, deduces, defines, demonstrates, disagrees, establishes, explains, finds, grants, holds, implies, includes, infers, juxtaposes, maintains, notes, observes, points out, posits, proposes, provides, reports, shows, speculates, stresses, suggests, supposes, thinks, views, volunteers. When you use these descriptive verbs, make sure that you use them correctly.

20. Section Two: Quotations cont. Put prose quotations in running text when fewer than forty words. When forty words or more, indent 5-7 spaces from the left margin. Block quotations are not enclosed in quotation marks.

21. Section Two: Quotations, cont. Tables have three kinds of notes, which are placed below the table: general notes, specific notes, and probability notes. Order the notes to a table in the following sequence: general note, specific note, and probability note. For a more specific discussion of tables, please see the example and consult the APA Handbook.

22. Section Three: Reference and In-text Parenthetical Citation Book Author, A.A. (1994). Title. Location: Publisher. Book with more than one author Smith, B. & Larsen, D. (1998) Title. Location: Publisher. Book with an editor Editor, B. (Ed). (1992). Title. Location: Publisher. Book with no author Title. (1993). Location: Publisher.

23. Section Three: Reference and In-text Parenthetical Citation Journal paginated by volume Author, B.A. (2000). Title of journal article. Title of Journal., Volume #, 10-36.  Journal w/ 2 authors paginated by issue Author, R., & Author, S. (1993). Title of article. Title of Journal. 45(2), 10-36.

24. Section Three: Reference and In-text Parenthetical Citation Newspaper Author, J. (1995 September 30). Title of article. Title of Newspaper, pp. A1. Newsletter Author, A. B. (1993, Spring). Title of Article. Title of Newsletter, 46, 85-86.

25. Section Three: Reference and In-text Parenthetical Citation Book According to Annie Dillard (1975), adolescence made her aware of how adults had died to themselves through self-consciousness and made her question whether she too would lose forever the “passion peculiar to children” (p. 225). Annie Dillard’s adolescent turmoil caused her to question whether she must lose the “passion peculiar to children” as she matured (1975, p. 225). One writer focuses on the “passion peculiar to children” in her exploration of adolescence (Dillard, 1975, p. 225).

26. Section 6: APA Links APA Website Purdue’s APA information Page PSU Writing Center