1. WRF/LSM Implementation and Verification Fei Chen, Mukul Tewari, and Wei Wang (NCAR) John Smart (NOAA/FSL) Collaborators: Ken Mitchell, Mike Ek (NCEP), George Gayno, Jerry Wegiel (AFWA), JinWon Kim (UCLA), QingYun Duan (OH) Sponsored by AFWA and NSF Current Status of WRF/LSM implementation Current Status of WRF/LSM implementation Verification Framework Verification Framework Issues and Future work Issues and Future work

2. Unique and complex aspects of implementation of land surface models in WRF Selection of land surface models (NOAH/OSU LSM, CLM, RUC LSM, …) Selection of land surface models (NOAH/OSU LSM, CLM, RUC LSM, …) Background surface fields (landuse, soil texture) Background surface fields (landuse, soil texture) Initialization of soil state (soil moisture, sea-ice) Initialization of soil state (soil moisture, sea-ice) Initialization of vegetation state (fractional coverage, leaf area index, albedo) Initialization of vegetation state (fractional coverage, leaf area index, albedo) Requirements from other physics routine Requirements from other physics routine Coupling strategy and verification Coupling strategy and verification Need coordination among several working groups

3. Tasks Completed Introduce background fields (SI): 1) 30-second global USGS 24-category landuse map; 2) 30-second global hybrid (30-sec for CONUS and 5-min elsewhere) top and bottom soil texture; 3) 1-deg annual mean air temperature as lower boundary temperature; 4) NESDIS 0.144-deg monthly 5-year climatology green vegetation fraction; 5)NESDIS 0.144-deg monthly 5-year climatology albedo Introduce background fields (SI): 1) 30-second global USGS 24-category landuse map; 2) 30-second global hybrid (30-sec for CONUS and 5-min elsewhere) top and bottom soil texture; 3) 1-deg annual mean air temperature as lower boundary temperature; 4) NESDIS 0.144-deg monthly 5-year climatology green vegetation fraction; 5)NESDIS 0.144-deg monthly 5-year climatology albedo Initialize soil moisture, temperature, snow, and sea-ice from AVN and Eta (SI, mass and height version) Initialize soil moisture, temperature, snow, and sea-ice from AVN and Eta (SI, mass and height version) Implementation of OSULSM (Physics, WRF release 1.2 Beta) Implementation of OSULSM (Physics, WRF release 1.2 Beta) Inclusion of OSULSM for idealized WRF cases (now available for mass version) Inclusion of OSULSM for idealized WRF cases (now available for mass version)

4. Work in Progress Implement the FSL LSM (by Tanay Smirnova, FSL) Implement the FSL LSM (by Tanay Smirnova, FSL) Implement the Common Land Surface Model (by XinZhong Liang, U. Illinois) Implement the Common Land Surface Model (by XinZhong Liang, U. Illinois) Pre-release of the unified NOAH/OSU LSM (UNO?) by NCEP in Feb. 2002 for internal test at NCEP, NCAR, AFWA, and UCLA Pre-release of the unified NOAH/OSU LSM (UNO?) by NCEP in Feb. 2002 for internal test at NCEP, NCAR, AFWA, and UCLA A new version of the unified LSM is expected to be released soon A new version of the unified LSM is expected to be released soon

5. Work in Progress (Con.) Upgrade the unified NOAH/OSULSM to F90 (the current WRF/OSULSM coupler is in F90) Upgrade the unified NOAH/OSULSM to F90 (the current WRF/OSULSM coupler is in F90) Include a four-layer sea-ice model Include a four-layer sea-ice model Introduce a few new variables ( total and liquid soil water content, fractional snow coverage) Introduce a few new variables ( total and liquid soil water content, fractional snow coverage) A few changes in the interface A few changes in the interface Expect to implement the unified LSM by September 2002 Expect to implement the unified LSM by September 2002

6. LSMs verification framework Idealized case (completed) Idealized case (completed)  theoretical partition of net radiation into latent, sensible, and ground heat fluxes, phase of soil temperature, etc.  land-surface/atmospheric interactions (e.g., simple 2-D simulations of sea-breeze like circulations) Document and provide data for LSMs test Document and provide data for LSMs test  Uncoupled test (long-term PILPS type data) …  Coupled test (LSM and PBL ‘classic cases’  Select cases (CASES97 and IHOP02)  model set up: provide initial soil and veg conditions, complete verification data Long-term statistics from real-time and retrospective tests Long-term statistics from real-time and retrospective tests Get this in standard WRF verification data set Get this in standard WRF verification data set

7. An example: CASES97 verification Three ‘golden’ cases: Three ‘golden’ cases:  29 April: homogeneously dry soil, heterogeneous landuse (green Winter Wheat vs dormant grass) in the Walnut watershed, KS,~70x74 km 2  10 May: heterogeneous soil, both WW and grass green  20 May: homogeneously wet soil, green WW and grass CASES97 Data: CASES97 Data:  9 surface stations (near surface weather, surface heat and radiation fluxes) located over different landuse  enhanced sounding at 3 sites: ~ every 90 minute, Beaumont site: grass; Oxford and White Water sites: wheat  Aircraft sounding and heat fluxes along flight legs WRF: 10km, 244x214x35, MRF PBL, OSULSM, Dudhia shortwave, RRTM longwave, new Kain-Fritcsh cumulus, initialized by EDAS 40-km output WRF: 10km, 244x214x35, MRF PBL, OSULSM, Dudhia shortwave, RRTM longwave, new Kain-Fritcsh cumulus, initialized by EDAS 40-km output

8. 00Z 29 Apr – 00Z 30 Apr 1997 averaged over 4 grass sites: red: model, green: obs ? Longwave downward shortwave downward Sensible heat Latent heat

9. Profile of Potential T from 1000-600 mb 30 April 1997 at Beaumont (grass) +: model o:obs 00:30Z 20:30Z 18:35Z 15:30Z

10. Profile of Mixing Ratio from 1000-600 mb 30 April 1997 at Beaumont (grass) 00:30Z 20:30Z 18:35Z 15:30Z

11. 00Z 29 Apr – 00Z 30 Apr 1997 averaged over 3 wheat sites

12. Profile of Potential T from 1000-600 mb 30 April 1997 at Oxford (wheat) 00:30Z 20:30Z 18:35Z 15:30Z

13. Profile of Mixing Ratio from 1000-600 mb 30 April 1997 at Oxford (wheat) 00:30Z 20:30Z 18:35Z 15:30Z

14. IHOP02 Case 12Z 15 – 12 Z 16 June 2002 Stage IV Radar+ gauge WRF IHOP NCAR Surface stations

15. Obs: 18Z: 48 hour; WRF: 12Z, 36 hour Green: sfc pressure (mb) Purple: mxing ratio (g/kg) Red: rain rate (mm/hr) St. 3 St. 1 St. 2

16. Central leg: 3 stations southwest to Wichita Green: sfc pressure (mb) Purple: mxing ratio (g/kg) Red: rain rate (mm/hr) St. 4 St. 6 St. 5

17. Eastern Leg: 2 Stations southeast to Wichita Green: sfc pressure (mb) Purple: mxing ratio (g/kg) Red: rain rate (mm/hr) St. 7 St. 8

18. Initialization of Soil State Ultimate solution: combine LSM, data assimilation techniques, and remote sensing data Ultimate solution: combine LSM, data assimilation techniques, and remote sensing data AFWA AGRMET System: AFWA AGRMET System:  Use observed rainfall, solar radiation, and analyzed wind, T, and Q  Same background field as WRF  Simulate long-term evolution of soil and vegetation state at global scale (~40 km, upgrade to ~20 km) NCEP plans to unify the background fields in NLDAS NCEP plans to unify the background fields in NLDAS High-Resolution Land Data Assimilation System (HRLDAS): running at the same grid of WRF, using HR analysis of surface weather variables, landuse, etc. High-Resolution Land Data Assimilation System (HRLDAS): running at the same grid of WRF, using HR analysis of surface weather variables, landuse, etc.

19. 4-month (1998) HRLDAS soil moisture vs Oklahoma Mesonet observation 5-cm 25-cm

20. Summary and Future work : Good news: Good news:  Tight surface-PBL link valuable for verifying and adjusting LSM and PBL schemes  When underlying surface conditions are correctly specified, the temperature profile is well simulated  Temporal and spatial distribution of WRF rainfall, surface pressure, low-level T and Q are reasonable (compared to 8 stations for two IHOP02 cases) Not so good news Not so good news  The mixing layer structure for moisture is not well captured (MRF seems too efficient)  Cannot take everything off the shelf for case study (soil condition, vegetation condition, etc.) Urgent need for WRF realtime runs: Urgent need for WRF realtime runs:  Use AGRMET, or NLDAS, or HRLDAS to initialize soil state  Use weekly quasi-realtime green vegetation fraction

21. Future work : Complete LSM/PBL verification data sets Complete LSM/PBL verification data sets SI tasks: SI tasks:  Initialize from ARGMET or EDAS or HRLDAS  global fixed max albedo over deep snow, annual minimum greenness, realtime weekly greenness, surface slope index, annual maximum greenness, frozen soil empirical derivation Interface issues: Interface issues:  A LANDRIVER separated from current PBLDRIVER to treat land and inland water body (lake) possibly on different grid configuration  Albedo and roughness length need to pass into radiation and PBL schemes  Need precipitation type, convective and non-convective rainfall rate

22. Future Plan Real data tests (case studies, Using IHOP data, etc.) Real data tests (case studies, Using IHOP data, etc.) NCAR, NCEP, AFWA work on unified NOAH/OSU LSM NCAR, NCEP, AFWA work on unified NOAH/OSU LSM Release of WRF/Unified LSM by August 2002 Release of WRF/Unified LSM by August 2002

23. 24-hr rainfall accumulated from 4-km hourly NCEP Stage IV product 0.25 degree NCEP gauge-only daily rainfall Combining two NCEP rainfall analysis: Utilizing 0.25 gauge-only daily rainfall as primary product and use hourly Stage IV rainfall to partition the former into hourly timestep as input to LSM

24. 24-h rainfall ending 12Z 20 June 1998 MM5 Control Stage-II Obs Eta Forecast MM5 Wet soil

25. Surface layer (top 10 cm soil) volumetric soil moisture ~ 180 x 180 km 2 Initial time From coarse resolution of Eta field 46 days later Heterogeneity was developed in the 3-km domain

26. OSU LSM in the PSU/NCAR MM5 and WRF (Pan and Mahrt, 1987; Ek and Mahrt, 1991; Chen and Dudhia, 2001) Gravitational Flow Internal Soil Moisture Flux Internal Soil Heat Flux Soil Heat Flux Precipitation Condensation on bare soil on vegetation Soil Moisture Flux Runoff Transpiration Interflow Canopy Water Evaporation Direct Soil Evaporation Turbulent Heat Flux to/from Snowpack/Soil/Plant Canopy Evaporation from Open Water Deposition/ Sublimation to/from snowpack  = 10 cm  = 30 cm  = 60 cm  = 100 cm Snowmelt