1. Section 1: Scientific Revolution

2. Geocentric = Earth at center of the universe Ptolemaic system = universe series of concentric spheres (on inside the other) Earth is fixed (motionless) at the center of one of the spheres Rotation of spheres move in relation to one another 10 th sphere = “prime mover” = moves itself and gives motion to other spheres Beyond the 10 th sphere is Heaven where God and saved souls live God at end of universe and humans at center Humans in charge of Earth but goal is salvation

3. 1543 – published book On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres Geocentric model = too complicated Believed in his heliocentric model Sun is center of universe Planets revolve around the sun Moon, however, revolves around the Earth Earth rotates on its axis and moves around the Sun each year

4. German Mathematician Laws of Planetary Motion Planets orbit the Sun Orbits of planets not circular but elliptical (egg shaped) Contradicted Ptolemaic system

5. Taught mathematics First European to make observations of heavens using a telescope With the telescope discovered Mountains on the moon Four moons around Jupiter Sunspots 1610 Starry Messenger – very popular Catholic Church ordered him to abandon the idea System threatened the Church’s conception of the universe and was believed to contradict the bible

6. Book = Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy This work is known simply as Principia Newton’s ideas created a new picture of the universe Universe now seen as a machine that was regulated by the laws of nature

7. In this book he defined the 3 laws of motion First law of motion = An object at rest will remain at rest unless acted on by an unbalanced force. An object in motion continues in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force. This law is often called "the law of inertia". This law is the reason you should always wear your seatbelt!!!

8. 2 nd law of motion = Acceleration is produced when a force acts on a mass. The greater the mass (of the object being accelerated) the greater the amount of force needed (to accelerate the object). Heavier objects need more force to move than lighter objects

9. 3 rd law of motion = For every action there is an equal and opposite re-action The rocket's action is to push down on the ground with the force of its powerful engines. The reaction is that the ground pushes the rocket upwards with an equal force.

10. Every object in the universe is attracted to every other object by a force called gravity This law explains why planetary bodies orbit the sun rather than continue in a straight line Gravity exists between any two objects in the universe Force between you and the Sun Between you and the planets Why do we fall down rather than towards the Sun or toward the person next to us? The force of gravity between us and Earth is larger than the force from any of these other objects.

11. 17 th Century Medicine! William Harvey 1628 published On the Motion of the Heart and Blood Harvey showed that the heart – not the liver – was the beginning point for the circulation of blood in the body Proved that blood flows in both veins and arteries Showed that blood makes a complete circuit as it passes through the body

12. Robert Boyle One of the first scientists to conduct controlled experiments Worked with gases Boyle’s Law Volume of a gas varies with the pressure exerted on it

13. Antoine Lavoisier Invented a system of naming chemical elements Recognized and named hydrogen and oxygen Still used today Formed the metric system Founder of modern chemistry Lavoisier with his wife

14. Margaret Cavendish aristocrat Wrote Observations Upon Experimental Philosophy In her book she was critical of belief that humans were masters of the universe “We have no power at all over natural causes and effects…for man is but a small part…he can not have a supreme and absolute power. (over nature)”

15. Germany Women were involved in astronomy Between 1650-1710 14% of all astronomers were women! Maria Winkelmann Most famous female astronomer Taught by her father and uncle Believed she deserved an education equal to that of a man Discovered a comet Applied to the Berlin Academy Highly qualified but denied because she was a woman Such work was considered chiefly for males

16. Rene Descartes French Philosopher 1637 Wrote Discourse on Method Wrote about the doubt and uncertainty that existed everywhere in the 17 th century Called father of modern Rationalism Belief that reason is the chief source of knowledge

17. Asserted that he would accept only those things that his reason said were true Cogito ergo sum “I think, therefore I am” Separation of mind and body Mind and matter were completely separate Mater as dead and could be investigated independently by reason Brain separate entity from your body

18. Francis Bacon English Philosopher Believed that instead of relying on the ideas of ancient authorities scientists should use inductive reasoning to learn about nature Particular to the general Developed scientific method Wanted science to benefit industry, agriculture and trade Systematic procedure for collecting and analyzing evidence