1. Settlement and Consolidation CHAPTER 4

2. §4 Settlement and Consolidation § 4.1 General § 4.2 Oedometer test § 4.3 Preconsolidation pressure § 4.4 Consolidation settlement § 4.5 Terzaghi’s theory § 4.6 Degree of consolidation

3. § 4.1 General §4 Settlement and Consolidation  compressibility –volume changes in a soil when subjected to pressure –giving AMOUNTS of settlement  consolidation -rate of volume change with time – giving TIME to produce an amount of settlement required

4. § 4.2 Oedometer test §4 Settlement and Consolidation P1P1 s1s1 e1e1 e0e0 P t e s t P2P2 s2s2 e2e2 P3P3 s3s3 e3e3

5. curve

6. Compression coefficient a p1p1 p2p2 e1e1 e2e2 M1M1 M2M2 e0e0 e p curve e - p △p△p △e△e Evaluation of compression with a 1-2 a 1-2 ＜ 0.1MPa -1, Low compressibility 0.1MPa -1 ≤a 1-2 ＜ 0.5MPa -1, Middle compressibility a 1-2 ≥0.5MPa -1, High compressibility

7. e - lgσ′Curve compression index Cc

8. Preconsolidation pressure-the maximum effective vertical stress that has acted on the clay in the past OCR=1 ： lack consolidation OCR>1 ： normal consolidation OCR<1 ： over consolidation How to obtain the preconsolidation pressure: 1 Produce back the straight-line part (BC). 2 Determine the point (D) of maximum curvature on the recompression part (AB) of the curve. 3 Draw the tangent to the curve at D and bisect the angle between the tangent and the horizontal through D. 4 The vertical through intersection point of the bisector and CB produced gives the approximate value of the preconsolidation pressure. § 4.3 Preconsolidation pressure §4 Settlement and Consolidation

9. coefficient of volume compressibility or the compression index Consider a layer of saturated clay of thickness H. an elemental layer of thickness dz at depth z. § 4.4 Consolidation settlement §4 Settlement and Consolidation

10.  Curve of gravity stress and additional stress at the central of base  Determine the calculation depth  Determine the layer  The settlement of each layer  The whole settlement d depth σcσc σzσz z i-1 12 34 56 12 ip0ip0  i-1 p 0 zizi AiAi A i-1

11. Example 1

13. The assumptions made in the theory are:  1 The soil is homogeneous and fully saturated.  2 There is a unique relationship, independent of time, between void ratio and effective stress.  3 The solid particles and water are incompressible.  4 Compression and flow are one-dimensional (vertical).  5 Strains are small.  6 Darcy’s law is valid at all hydraulic gradients.  7 The coefficient of permeability and volume compressibility remain constant. § 4.5 Terzaghis theory of one-dimensional consolidation §4 Settlement and Consolidation

14. The total stress increment soil skeleton increasing effective stress the excess pore water pressure decreases

15. the consolidation settlement at time t being given by the product of U and the final settlement. § 4.6 Degree of consolidation §4 Settlement and Consolidation

16. Determine the degree of consolidation Time factor permeable impermeable degree of consolidation Curve 1 Curve 2 Curve 3 P

17. H=10m ; e 1 =0.8; a=0.00025kPa -1 ; k=0.02m/year ？ ① settlement after one year S t ② time(t) when U z =0.75 ③ if the bottom layer is permeable ， time(t) when U z =0.75 Example 2 permeable

18. Solution 1. When t=1 year From figure U t = 0.45 2. If Uz=0.75 From U z =0.75 ，  ＝  then Tv ＝  3. If open layer, Uz=0.75 From U z =0.75,  ＝ ,  m  then  T v ＝ 