1. PROTESTANT REFORMATION 1517-1563 A.PROTEST AND REFORM THE CATHOLIC CHURCH B. Based on some of the values from the Renaissance Skepticism-question religion

2. Pope Leo X “God has given us the papacy - let us enjoy it!”

3. B. Reasons for Change: (Problems from within) 1. Discontent a. Resentment of Italian control of church (especially in Germany) b. Heavy Taxes = tithe c. Church has strayed from mission (return to basics = serve the poor)

4. 2. Sale of Indulgences - pardon for sins a.money for forgiveness and entry into heaven. b.TICKET TO HEAVEN

5. Sale of Indulgences “As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, a soul from purgatory springs!”

6. 3. Absenteeism : -had job but did not perform work -NOT FULFILLING YOUR OBLIGATION.

7. 4. Simony: -buying and selling of jobs -crime of paying for holy offices or positions in the hierarchy of a church, named after Simon Magus.holy officesSimon Magus

8. 5. Nepotism: - gift of a job to a relative-

9. Many Christians protested these abuses Rejected Church pomp- Dignified or magnificent display; splendor and ceremony Stressed Bible study

10. Humanist, Erasmus, urged a return to simple ways of early Christian Church

11. Martin Luther

12. July 1502- Luther cried out for his safety “I will be a monk.”

13. C. Beginning of Protestant Movement: 1. Martin Luther (1483-1546) a. Born in Germany, enters Monastery, becomes priest b. becomes ideal monk - devotes life to prayer, penance, fasting c. constantly worried about salvation

15. Martin Luther as a Monk

16. 2. Luther’s ideas on Salvation a. salvation comes from faith in God, not from work b. Bible = only source of religious truth. (no need for interpretations of Pope or Clergy)

17. Luther’s Bible

18. 3. Luther’s 95 Theses: a. posts 95 Theses on church doors, common practice to bring about a debate (intended to start a debate on the sale of indulgences and other abuses) b. printed up his ideas and spread them throughout c. Pope rejects Luther’s protest - demands Luther recant his views

19. TETZEL SELLING INDULGENCES

20. Luther posting his 95 Theses

21. Church where Luther posted his 95 Theses

22. Diet of Worms

23. “I cannot and will not RECANT.”

24. 1521- POPE EXCOMMUNICATES LUTHER. LUTHER IS DECLARED AN OUTLAW-MAKING IT A CRIME FOR ANYONE TO GIVE HIM SHELTER OR FOOD. LUTHER HIDES OUT IN THE WARTBURG CASTLE FOR OVER A YEAR. HE IS A HERO TO MANY IN GERMANY.

27. 4. Spread of Protestantism a. Martin Luther gains support from German princes who opposed the growing power of the church. b. Motivated by secular reasons

28. PEASANTS REVOLT 1524-1525 The Peasants tried to end serfdom, revolt turned violent and Luther denounced it. Luther favored social order and respect for political authority. 100,000 killed.

29. Katharina von- Bora wife of Martin Luther. Had 6 children.

30. Luther died in February of 1546.

31. Peace of Augsburg 1555- allowed each Prince to decide which religion- Catholic or Lutheran- would be followed in his lands.

32. John Calvin

33. D. Other Protestant Religions: 1. Calvinism: a. John Calvin - French religious thinker b. Predestination = certain people are chosen by God for Salvation, no others can attain heaven. TWO KINDS OF PEOPLE: SAINTS AND SINNERS. CALVINISTS TRIED TO LIVE LIKE SAINTS, BELIEVING THAT ONLY THOSE WHO WERE SAVED COULD LIVE TRULY CHRISTIAN LIVES. c. Created a strict Religious Govt. in Geneva, Switzerland called a Theocracy. (1541)

34. Institutes of the Christian Religion, 1536

35. LIFE IN GENEVA: CALVIN’S FOLLOWERS WERE KNOWN AS THE “CHOSEN PEOPLE.” THEY STRESSED HARD WORK, MORALITY, THRIFT, DISCIPLINE AND HONESTY. YOU COULD NOT FIGHT, SWEAR, LAUGH IN CHURCH OR DANCE. THEATERS WERE CLOSED AND ELABORATE DRESS WAS FROWNED UPON.

37. John Calvin

38. SPREAD OF CALVINISM CALVINISM SPREAD TO GERMANY, FRANCE, THE NETHERLANDS, ENGLAND AND SCOTLAND BY THE LATE 1500’S.. FRENCH CALVINISTS= HUGUENOTS CALVINISTS IN THE NETHERLANDS= DUTCH REFORMED CHURCH SCOTLAND= JOHN KNOX AND THE PRESBYTERIANS

39. JOHN KNOX DUTCH REFORMED CHURCH

40. CATHOLICS VS. HUGUENOTS

41. 2. English Protestantism: a. struggle connected w/ political power b. Henry VIII (Tudor) 1. wanted a divorce 2. Pope wouldn’t grant it 3. removed England from Authority of Pope so marriage could be annulled

44. c. Act of Supremacy (1534) - Monarch made head of Anglican Church - Henry VIII now has total power

45. ACT OF SUPREMACY

46. E. The Counter Reformation - Catholic Reformation: 1. Church’s attempt to Strengthen Catholicism 2. Council of Trent (1545) a. banished indulgences b. outlawed simony, nepotism c. increased discipline of clergy

47. Council of Trent

49. 3. Inquisition was stepped up a. search for heretics b. confession or exile, prison, death 4. The Index - listed forbidden readings

53. F. Effects of Reformation: 1. End of religious unity in Europe 2. Strengthening of State over Church 3. Spread of Education 4. Middle Class increase in power