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Copyright © 2013. F.A. Davis Company Part II: Applied Science of Exercise and Techniques Chapter 6 Resistance Exercise for Impaired Muscle Performance
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Copyright © 2013. F.A. Davis Company Strength, Power, and Endurance – Strength Strength training – Power Power training – Endurance Endurance training Muscle Performance and Resistance Exercise: Definitions and Guiding Principles
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Copyright © 2013. F.A. Davis Company Overload Principle – Description – Application of the Overload Principle SAID Principle – Specificity of training – Transfer of training Reversibility Principle Muscle Performance and Resistance Exercise: Definitions and Guiding Principles (cont'd)
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Copyright © 2013. F.A. Davis Company Energy Stores and Blood Supply Fatigue – Muscle (local) fatigue – Cardiopulmonary (general) fatigue – Threshold for fatigue – Factors that influence fatigue Recovery From Exercise Factors That Influence Tension Generation in Normal Skeletal Muscle
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Copyright © 2013. F.A. Davis Company Age – Early childhood and preadolescence – Adolescence – Young and middle adulthood – Late adulthood Psychological and Cognitive Factors – Attention – Motivation and feedback Factors That Influence Tension Generation in Normal Skeletal Muscle (cont'd)
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Copyright © 2013. F.A. Davis Company Neural Adaptations Skeletal Muscle Adaptations – Hypertrophy – Hyperplasia – Muscle fiber type adaptation Physiological Adaptations to Resistance Exercise
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Copyright © 2013. F.A. Davis Company Vascular and Metabolic Adaptations Adaptations of Connective Tissues – Tendons, ligaments, and connective tissue in muscle – Bone Physiological Adaptations to Resistance Exercise (cont'd)
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Copyright © 2013. F.A. Davis Company Alignment and Stabilization – Alignment Alignment and muscle action Alignment and gravity – Stabilization Determinants of Resistance Exercise
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Copyright © 2013. F.A. Davis Company Intensity – Submaximal versus maximal exercise loads – Initial exercise load (amount of resistance) and documentation of training effects Repetition maximum – Use of repetition maximum Alternative methods of determining baseline strength or an initial exercise load Training zone Determinants of Resistance Exercise (cont'd)
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Copyright © 2013. F.A. Davis Company Volume – Repetitions – Sets – Training to improve strength or endurance: impact of exercise load and repetitions To improve muscle strength To improve muscle endurance Determinants of Resistance Exercise (cont'd)
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Copyright © 2013. F.A. Davis Company Exercise Order Frequency Duration Rest Interval (Recovery Period) – Purpose of rest intervals – Integration of rest into exercise Determinants of Resistance Exercise (cont'd)
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Copyright © 2013. F.A. Davis Company Mode of Exercise – Type of muscle contraction – Position for exercise: weight-bearing or non- weight-bearing – Forms of resistance – Energy systems – Range of movement: short-arc or full-arc exercise – Mode of exercise and application to function Determinants of Resistance Exercise (cont'd)
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Copyright © 2013. F.A. Davis Company Velocity of Exercise – Force-velocity relationship – Application to resistance training Periodization and Variation of Training Integration of Function – Balance of stability and active mobility – Balance of strength, power, and endurance – Task-specific movement patterns with resistance exercise Determinants of Resistance Exercise (cont'd)
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Copyright © 2013. F.A. Davis Company Static (Isometric) and Dynamic Concentric and Eccentric Isokinetic Open-Chain and Closed-Chain Manual and Mechanical Constant and Variable Types of Resistance Exercise
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Copyright © 2013. F.A. Davis Company Manual Resistance Exercise Mechanical Resistance Exercise Manual and Mechanical Resistance Exercise
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Copyright © 2013. F.A. Davis Company Rationale for Use of Isometric Exercise Types of Isometric Exercise – Muscle-setting exercises – Stabilization exercises – Multiple-angle isometrics Isometric Exercise (Static Exercise)
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Copyright © 2013. F.A. Davis Company Characteristics and Effects of Isometric Training – Intensity of muscle contraction – Duration of muscle activation – Repetitive contractions – Joint angle and mode specificity – Sources of resistance Isometric Exercise (Static Exercise) (cont'd)
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Copyright © 2013. F.A. Davis Company Rationale for Use of Concentric and Eccentric Exercise Special Considerations for Eccentric Training – Exercise-induced muscle soreness Dynamic Exercise: Concentric and Eccentric
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Copyright © 2013. F.A. Davis Company Characteristics and Effects of Concentric and Eccentric Exercise – Exercise load and strength gains – Velocity of exercise – Energy expenditure – Specificity of training – Cross-training effect – Exercise-induced muscle soreness Dynamic Exercise: Concentric and Eccentric (cont'd)
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Copyright © 2013. F.A. Davis Company Dynamic Exercise-Constant External Resistance (DCER) Variable-Resistance Exercise Special Considerations for DCER and Variable- Resistance Exercise – Excursion of limb movement – Velocity of exercise Dynamic Exercise: Constant and Variable Resistance
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Copyright © 2013. F.A. Davis Company Characteristics of Isokinetic Training – Constant velocity – Range and selection of training velocities – Reciprocal versus isolated muscle training – Specificity of training – Compressive forces on joints – Accommodation to fatigue – Accommodation to a painful arc Isokinetic Exercise
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Copyright © 2013. F.A. Davis Company Training Effects and Carryover to Function – Limitations in carryover Special Considerations for Isokinetic Training – Availability of equipment – Appropriate set up – Initiation and progression of isokinetic training during rehabilitation Isokinetic Exercise (cont'd)
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Copyright © 2013. F.A. Davis Company Background Controversy and Inconsistency in Use of Open-Chain and Closed-Chain Terminology Alternatives to Open-Chain and Closed-Chain Terminology Characteristics of Open-Chain and Closed-Chain Exercises – Open-chain exercises – Closed-chain exercises Open-Chain and Closed-Chain Exercise
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Copyright © 2013. F.A. Davis Company Rationale for Use of Open-Chain and Closed-Chain Exercises – Isolation of muscle groups – Control of movements – Joint approximation – Co-activation and dynamic stabilization – Proprioception, kinesthesia, neuromuscular control, and balance – Carryover to function and injury prevention Open-Chain and Closed-Chain Exercise (cont'd)
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Copyright © 2013. F.A. Davis Company Implementation and Progression of Open- and Closed-Chain Exercises – Introduction of open-chain training – Closed-chain exercises and weight-bearing restrictions: use of unloading – Progression of closed-chain exercises Open-Chain and Closed-Chain Exercise (cont'd)
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Copyright © 2013. F.A. Davis Company Examination and Evaluation Preparation for Resistance Exercises General Principles of Resistance Training
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Copyright © 2013. F.A. Davis Company Warm Up Placement of Resistance Direction of Resistance Stabilization Intensity of Exercise/Amount of Resistance Number of Repetitions, Sets, and Rest Intervals Verbal or Written Instructions Monitoring the Patient Cool Down Implementation of Resistance Exercises
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Copyright © 2013. F.A. Davis Company Valsalva Maneuver – At-risk patients – Prevention during resistance exercise Substitute Motions Overtraining and Overwork – Overtraining – Overwork Precautions for Resistance Exercise
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Copyright © 2013. F.A. Davis Company Exercise-Induced Muscle Soreness – Acute muscle soreness – Delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) Etiology of DOMS Prevention and treatment of DOMS Pathological Fracture – Prevention of pathological fracture Precautions for Resistance Exercise (cont'd)
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Copyright © 2013. F.A. Davis Company Pain Inflammation Severe Cardiopulmonary Disease Contraindications to Resistance Exercise
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Copyright © 2013. F.A. Davis Company Definition and Use Guidelines and Special Considerations – Body mechanics of the therapist – Application of manual resistance and stabilization – Verbal commands – Number of repetitions and sets: rest intervals Techniques: General Background Upper Extremity Techniques Lower Extremity Techniques Manual Resistance Exercise
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Copyright © 2013. F.A. Davis Company Diagonal Patterns Basic Procedures With PNF Patterns – Manual contacts – Maximal resistance – Position and movement of the therapist – Stretch Stretch stimulus Stretch reflex Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation: Principles and Techniques
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Copyright © 2013. F.A. Davis Company Basic Procedures With PNF Patterns (cont’d) – Normal timing – Traction – Approximation – Verbal commands – Visual cues Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation: Principles and Techniques (cont'd)
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Copyright © 2013. F.A. Davis Company Upper Extremity Diagonal Patterns Lower Extremity Diagonal Patterns Specific Techniques With PNF – Rhythmic initiation – Repeated contractions – Reversal of antagonists – Alternating isometrics – Rhythmic stabilization Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation: Principles and Techniques (cont'd)
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Copyright © 2013. F.A. Davis Company Application in Rehabilitation Programs Application in Fitness and Conditioning Programs Special Considerations for Children and Older Adults – Children and resistance training – Older adults and resistance training Mechanical Resistance Exercise
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Copyright © 2013. F.A. Davis Company Progressive Resistance Exercise – Delorme and Oxford regimens – DAPRE regimen Circuit Weight Training Selected Resistance Training Regimens
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Copyright © 2013. F.A. Davis Company Isokinetic Regimens – Velocity spectrum rehabilitation Selection of training velocities Repetitions, sets, and rest Intensity – Eccentric isokinetic training: special considerations Selected Resistance Training Regimens (cont'd)
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Copyright © 2013. F.A. Davis Company Free Weights and Simple Weight-Pulley Systems – Types of free weights – Simple weight-pulley systems – Characteristics of free weights and simple weight- pulley systems – Advantages and disadvantages of free weights and simple weight-pulley systems Equipment for Resistance Training
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Copyright © 2013. F.A. Davis Company Variable-Resistance Machines – Variable resistance weight-cable systems – Hydraulic and pneumatic resistance devices – Advantages and disadvantages of variable- resistance machines Equipment for Resistance Training (cont'd)
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Copyright © 2013. F.A. Davis Company Elastic Resistance Devices – Types of elastic resistance – Properties of elastic resistance: implications for exercise Effect of elongation of elastic material Determination and quantification of resistance Fatigue characteristics Equipment for Resistance Training (cont'd)
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Copyright © 2013. F.A. Davis Company Elastic Resistance Devices (cont’d) – Application of elastic resistance Selecting the appropriate grade of material Selecting the appropriate length Securing bands or tubing Setting up an exercise Progressing exercises – Advantages and disadvantages of exercise with elastic resistance Equipment for Resistance Training (cont'd)
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Copyright © 2013. F.A. Davis Company Equipment for Dynamic Stabilization Training – BodyBlade ® – Swiss balls (stability balls) Equipment for Resistance Training (cont'd)
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Copyright © 2013. F.A. Davis Company Equipment for Closed-Chain Training – Body weight resistance: multipurpose exercise systems – Slide boards – Balance equipment – Mini-trampolines (rebounders) Equipment for Resistance Training (cont'd)
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Copyright © 2013. F.A. Davis Company Reciprocal Exercise Equipment – Stationary exercise cycles – Portable resistive reciprocal exercise units – Stair-stepping machines – Elliptical trainers and cross-country ski machines – Upper extremity ergometers Equipment for Resistance Training (cont'd)
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Copyright © 2013. F.A. Davis Company Isokinetic Testing and Training Equipment – Features of isokinetic dynamometers – Advantages and disadvantages of isokinetic equipment Equipment for Resistance Training (cont'd)
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Copyright © 2013. F.A. Davis Company Critical Thinking and Discussion Laboratory Practice Independent Learning Activities
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