2. The Human Brain Master Watermark Image: http://williamcalvin.com/BrainForAllSeasons/img/bonoboLH-humanLH-viaTWD.gifhttp://williamcalvin.com/BrainForAllSeasons/img/bonoboLH-humanLH-viaTWD.gif www.outreach.mcb.harvard.edu/teachers/Summer05/EthanBlanchette

3. A) Overview of Brain Functions Sensory (auditory, visual, olfactory, touch, taste, pain) motor control & coordination of skeletal muscles regulation of visceral activities & homeostasis higher mental activities (intellect, memory, language, decision-making) emotional processing (feelings, personality)

4. Copyright: Gary Larson “How Neurosurgeons Learn the Functions of the Brain”

5. B) Major parts of the brain 1.cerebrum 2.diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus and encloses the third ventricle) 3.brain stem (midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata) 4.cerebellum

6. Cerebrum Cerebellum

7. Phineas Gage 1848

9. C) Overview of the Cerebrum a) This is the largest division of the brain, and is divided into left & right hemispheres. LEFT RIGHT

10. The cerebrum shows lateralization of function: –The two sides of the brain are joined inferiorly by the corpus callosum which communicates information from one side to the other. –Right hemisphere controls the left side of the body (motor control) and vice versa. –For most people the left hemisphere is dominant and is specialized for language and math –The right hemisphere is specialized for visual- spatial skills and creativity

13. Cerebral Cortex b) The outermost layer of gray matter makes up the superficial aspect of the cerebrum.

14. (2) sulcus (sulci) –shallow groove dividing the cerebrum into lobes central sulcus – divides the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe (1) gyrus (gyri) – elevated ridge “winding” around the brain. c) Structural features

15. (3) fissure – deep groove, generally dividing large regions/lobes of the brain Longitudinal Fissure – Divides the left & right cerebral hemispheres Transverse Fissure – Separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum Sylvian/Lateral Fissure – Divides the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal Lobes

16. Vocabulary Practice: Table partners: Identify the following features of the brain

17. Gyrus (ridge) Fissure (deep groove) Sulcus (shallow groove) 1 2 3

18. Longitudinal Fissure Transverse Fissure Sylvian/Lateral Fissure Central Sulcus Sulci/Fissures 4 5 6 7

19. d) Each hemisphere is divided into 4 lobes. 1 2 3 4

21. - Sensory areas - Association areas - Motor areas e) Functional regions of the Cerebral cortex

22. D) Lobes of the Cerebrum

23. Frontal lobe Functions - Memory Formation - Emotions -Decision Making/Reasoning -Problem solving - Personality

24. Frontal lobe areas Primary Motor Cortex (Precentral Gyrus) – controls movements of the body Premotor cortex—guides eye & head movements, and a person’s sense of orientation Prefrontal cortex—controls memory, intelligence, concentration, temper, personality Broca’s area—controls language production (located in left frontal lobe) Olfactory bulb—is responsible for sense of smell (located inferiorly, leads to cranial nerve I)

26. Parietal Lobe Somatosensory Association Cortex: senses and integrates sensations relative to body position and orientation in space Primary Somatosensory Cortex (Postcentral Gyrus) –Spatial awareness and perception; proprioception (awareness of body/ body parts in space and in relation to each other) Primary Gustatory Cortex – interpretation of the sensation of taste.

27. Primary Somatosensory Cortex/ Postcentral Gyrus Primary Gustatory Cortex Somatosensory Association Cortex

28. Occipital Lobe Primary Visual Cortex –responsible for sight -recognition of size, color, light, motion, dimensions Visual Association Area – Interprets information acquired through the primary visual cortex.

29. Primary Visual Cortex Visual Association Area

30. Temporal Lobe Primary Auditory Cortex – Responsible for hearing Primary Olfactory Cortex – Interprets the sense of smell once it reaches the cortex via the olfactory bulbs. (Not visible on the superficial cortex) Wernicke’s Area – responsible for language comprehension; located on the left temporal lobe Wernicke’s Aphasia – Language comprehension is inhibited. Words and sentences are not clearly understood, and sentence formation may be inhibited or non-sensical.

31. Primary Auditory Cortex Wernike’s Area Primary Olfactory Cortex (Deep) Conducted from Olfactory Bulb

33. Lobes of the Brain A. D. C. B. E.

35. Homunculus: Primary Motor Cortex & Sensory Cortex

36. Homunculus: Primary Motor Cortex

37. E) diencephalon

38. 1.Thalamus-relay station for sensory and motor impulses to & from the cerebrum 2.Hypothalamus-regulates pituitary gland, body temp, food intake, water balance, thirst, and sleep-wake cycles 3.Limbic System- mediates emotional responses and memory e.g. “smell memories,” psychosomatic illness, sense of pleasure

39. F) brain stem 10 of the 12 pairs of cranial nerves

40. 1.midbrain- visual and auditory reflex centers e.g tracking 2.pons- rate & depth of respiration 3.medulla oblongata- respiratory rhythm, heart rate, and blood pressure * contains decussation of pyramids (crossover point)

42. G) cerebellum

43. white matter is branched = arbor vitae processes and interprets input from the frontal motor cortex for posture, balance, and smooth movements