1. Abnormal Psychology Mr. Mac From the Cracking Book

2. Definitions of Abnormality  4 components  Abnormal behavior is unusual- deviant statistically  Maladaptive  interferes with person’s ability to function in given situations.  Labeled Abnormal  Characterized by  Perceptual or cognitive dysfunction

3. Theories of Psychopathology: Causes of abnormal behavior  Psychoanalytical  Humanistic  Cognitive  Behavioral  Psycho-physiological  Socio-cultural

4. Freud- Psychoanalytical  Freud- Psychoanalytical  Interactions of Id, Ego, Superego are responsible for abnormal behavior.  Seeds of abnormal behavior occur in childhood

5. Humanistic-  Being too sensitive to criticism & judgment of others  Related to people unable to accept their own nature  Feelings of isolation due to lack of positive self-regard (also-external)

6. Cognitive  Abnormal thought = distortions lead to misconceptions-misinterpretations  Treatment = change content of thought  Change ways thoughts are processed

7. Behavioral- Abnormal behavior  Is learned  Has been rewarded or reinforced  Is a pattern  Treatment- unlearn maladaptive behavior  Modify the learned response

8. Psycho-physiological  Abnormal brain function  Chemical or structural issues  Treatment- Medication

9. Diagnosis of Psychopathology  DSM-IV Diagnostic and Statistical Manual  Published by APA- (American Psychological Association)  Used to diagnose  5 Dimensions  Serves as a guide 1. Axis 1 Major Disorders  Schizophrenia  Delirium, dementia= perceptual and cognitive disruption  Eating Disorders  Anorexia + Bulimia  Sleeping disorders- that impact behavior  Including brain + other physical disorders

10. DSM IV- Axis II: Personality Disorders  Avoidant and Dependent Personality

11. DSM IV- AXIS III: Physical Disorders  Disorders that impact brain + and other physical disorders

12. DSM IV- Axis IV: Assesses level of Stress  Assess level of psychological stress based on factors from first 3 levels

13. DSM IV- Axis 5: Overall Assessment of Functioning  Person’s level of functioning used to diagnose abnormal behavior

14. Anxiety Disorders  Feelings of tensions + Nervousness  Sometimes panic attacks  Individual feels overwhelming sense of panic fear, desire to escape  Physiologically-  Sweating  Heart rate UP  Feeling of being paralyzed with fright  Panic Disorder

15. Anxiety Disorders 2  Panic Disorder  Recurring panic attacks  Worry of panic attacks  Obsessive-Compulsive disorder (OCD)  Obsessions- Involuntary persistent thoughts  Compulsions- repetitive behaviors that are time consuming and maladaptive  Example – germs and washing hands (lots of time and thought associated)

16. Anxiety Disorders 3  Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder  Caused by exposure to trauma- violence, war, death, suffering  Description: recurring thoughts and anxiety linked to the trauma  Causes decreased ability to function  Causes general detachment from reality

17. Anxiety Disorders 4  Phobias- persistent and irrational fear of common events  Agoraphobia- fear of being in open spaces/public spaces  Escape is perceived to be difficult  Phobias Web Site Phobias Web Site Phobias Web Site

18. Somatoform Disorders  Psychosomatic (Brain and Body)  Means a psych disorder affects the body  Characterized by physical manifestations  Example  Conversion Disorder  Pscyh disorder  Where a deficit of physiological function  Paralysis or blindness  Freud said – cause by psychological conflicts  If resolved it would end the physical problem

19. Somatoform Disorders 2  Hypochondrias  A person who irrationally concerned with having a serious disease  Person imagines symptoms +  Seeks treatment

20. Mood Disorders  Extreme disturbances of emotional balance  2 types  Depression  Bipolar Disorder

21. Mood Disorders 2  Depression or (Uni-polar)  Symptoms:  Depressed mood  General lack of interest in usual things  Possible thoughts of death or suicide  Low sense of self worth  Low energy  Must last 2 or more weeks in duration to be major depression  Situational factors may cause or increase Biological Factor: Linked to low level of serotonin

22. Mood Disorders 3  Bipolar Disorder  A number of forms  1 st most common = Major depression but with infrequent Manic Episodes  2 nd (rare) Manic- characterized by:  extreme talkativeness  increased self esteem  Excessive pleasure seeking  Lack of sleep  3 rd. Cycle- Normal Manic Depression  Ups and downs  Biology-  Both men and women  Runs in families  Associated with Acetylcholine  Seasonal winter depression  “Seasonal Affective Disorder”

23. Schizophrenic Disorders  Family of 5 disorders (types)  Common features  Delusions  Hallucinations  Disturbed- inappropriate responses to environmental stimuli 1.Disorganized Schizophrenia 2.Catatonic Schizophrenia 3.Paranoid Schizophrenia 4.Undifferentiated Schizophrenia 5.Residual Schizophrenia

24. Disorganized Schizophrenia  Incoherent Speech  Flat or inappropriate emotional affect

25. Catatonic Schizophrenia  Stupor  Rigid body for extended periods

26. Paranoid Schizophrenia  Auditory hallucinations  Feelings of persecution  May feel as -  secret/hidden message in everyday items  Delusions of grandeur or persecution

27. Undifferentiated Schizophrenia  Multiple symptoms

28. Residual Schizophrenia  Not profoundly Schizophrenic  Display some schizo tendencies  Have had one or more schizo episodes

29. Organic Disorders  Caused by brain damage  Disease -  Dementia, Alzheimers  Chemicals -  drugs, alcohol dependence  “OBS” organic brain syndrome

30. Personality Disorders  Pervasive expression of extreme abnormal personality construct  Interferes with normal social functioning 1.Paranoid Personality 2.Anti-Social Personality 3.Narcissistic Personality 4.Dependent Personality 5.Histrionic Personality

31. Personality Disorders 2  Paranoid Personality  Extreme distrust and suspicion  Anti-social Personality  Disregard for rights and interests of others  Narcissistic  Self Pre-occupation  Need for others to focus on oneself  Dependent Personality  A need to be cared for  Histrionic Personality  Excessive emotional reactions and excitability  Need for attention

32. Dissociative Disorder  Deals with dysfunction of memory or altered sense of identity  3 main types 1.Amnesia 2.Fugue 3.Identity disorders

33. Dissociative Disorder: Amnesia  Sudden loss of memory  Precipitated by traumatic event  Anterograde- loss of memory after trauma  Retrograde- loss of memory before trauma

34. Dissociative Disorder: Fugue  Sudden Complete loss of identity caused by stress  Then a new identity is formed  People often leave home and find new identity.

35. Dissociative Disorder: Identity Disorder= Multiple Personalities  Appearance of 2 or more distinct identities in one person  Identities may or may not be aware of the others  Personality that manifests may be -  based on context