1. The Rise & Fall of Napoleon 1799-1815 Lecture ~ 4 Chapter 19 (626-633) Objective~ Understand how Napoleon brought France out of turmoil toward victory

2. Nap’s Rise to Power aThe Italian Campaigns (1796-1797)  Conquered most of N. Italy  The Egyptian Campaign (1798)  Rosetta Stone  defeated by the British but returned to France as a hero aThe Italian Campaigns (1796-1797)  Conquered most of N. Italy  The Egyptian Campaign (1798)  Rosetta Stone  defeated by the British but returned to France as a hero

3. Europe in 1800

4. Nap as “First Consul” aCoup d’ etat (1799) aSole “Consul for Life” (1802)  1804 proclaimed himself “Emperor.”  Concordat of 1801  Aim: heal the divisions within the Catholic Church  Used the clergy to prop up his regime  Catholic~ official religion aCoup d’ etat (1799) aSole “Consul for Life” (1802)  1804 proclaimed himself “Emperor.”  Concordat of 1801  Aim: heal the divisions within the Catholic Church  Used the clergy to prop up his regime  Catholic~ official religion

5. Louisiana Purchase, 1803 Doubled the size of the United States

6. The Government of the Consulate aCouncil of State  Proposed the laws.  Served as a Cabinet & the highest court. aTribunate  Debated laws, but did not vote on them. aLegislature  Voted on laws, but did not discuss or debate them. aSenate  Had the right to review and veto legislation. aCouncil of State  Proposed the laws.  Served as a Cabinet & the highest court. aTribunate  Debated laws, but did not vote on them. aLegislature  Voted on laws, but did not discuss or debate them. aSenate  Had the right to review and veto legislation.

7. Nap’s Rule Democratic Despotism The French Civil Code (Code Napoleon) Uniform set of laws Embodied enlightenment ideas –Equality of all citizens before the law (Taxes, opportunities, etc) –Individual choice/religious tolerance But.. –Limited liberty (took away freedom of speech/press) Implemented in conquered territories Napoleon favored his order and authority over the people’s individual rights

8. The Empress Josephine

9. Napoleon’s Throne Napoleon’s Bed Chamber

10. The Imperial Image

11. Nap’s Major Military Campaigns Battle of Trafalgar (Lord Nelson: Fr. Navy lost!)  BritainFrance  1805: Sea Power

12. Nap’s Major Military Campaigns  Britain Austria Russia (3 rd Coalition) France  1805: -Danube -Italy eULM: France defeated Austria. eAUSTERLITZ: France defeated Austria & Russia. eULM: France defeated Austria. eAUSTERLITZ: France defeated Austria & Russia. Nap crowned “King of Italy” on May 6, 1805

13. Nap’s Empire 1804-1812 Nap’s Grand Army defeated every army but Britain –Master of Europe “and a man such as I am cares little for the life of a million men”

14. 3 costly mistakes…

15. Mistake # 1: Continental System 1806-1810 Goal~ beat Britain w/ economic warfare –No trade w/Britain (Blockade) Berlin Decrees –Starve them into submission Plan fails –High tariffs upset foreigners –Smuggling by Russia & Portugal cause 2 nd mistake

16. Mistake # 2: Peninsular War 1807-1810 Nap sent 500,000 troops through Spain to invade Portugal –w/out Spain’s approval Inflamed Spanish “nationalism” people riot (Guerrilla bands) –Aroused opposition to foreign rule Britain took advantage of this & sent an army to protect Portugal & aid Spain –Fr. lost 300,000 men in campaign

17. Marie Louise (of Austria) married Napoleon on March 12, 1810 Josephine & Napoleon divorce in 1807

18. Mistake # 3 Invasion of Russia 1812-1813 Nap takes 600,000 troops in June –Russia~ 160,000 The Russians avoided a direct battle “scorched-earth policy” burning grain fields & slaughtering livestock France advanced deeper into Russia –Moscow~ Sept. 14, 1812

19. Nap in retreat aCity had largely been abandoned & destroyed aWinter kicks in (-35 degrees) aFr. Army retreats~ 100,000 French troops retreat—40,000 survive! aCity had largely been abandoned & destroyed aWinter kicks in (-35 degrees) aFr. Army retreats~ 100,000 French troops retreat—40,000 survive!

20. Napoleon’s Family & Friends/Allies

21. Napoleon’s Family Rules! eJerome Bonaparte  King of Westphalia. eJoseph Bonaparte  King of Spain eLouise Bonaparte  King of Holland ePauline Bonaparte  Princess of Italy eNapoléon Francis Joseph Charles (son)  King of Rome eElisa Bonaparte  Grand Duchess of Tuscany eCaroline Bonaparte  Queen of Naples

22. Nap’s Downfall Enemies take advantage of Nap’s weakness –4 th coalition (Austria, Prussia, Sweden, Britain) attack –Occupied Paris (March 1814) Treaty of Fontainbleau –Nap surrenders in April 1814~ exiled to Elba The royalists took control & restored Louis XVIII to the throne Louis XVIII (r. 1814-1824)

23. Nap in Exile on Elba

24.  Britain, Russia. Prussia, Austria, Sweden, smaller German states France  1815: Napoleon’s “100 Days” eNap escaped Elba tried to reclaim his throne eAustria had his family eNapoleon’s Defeat at Waterloo (Belgium) eNap escaped Elba tried to reclaim his throne eAustria had his family eNapoleon’s Defeat at Waterloo (Belgium) March 20- June 22 1815

25. Nap’s Final Exile~ St. Helena Dies 1821

26. Nap’s Tomb Hitler Visits Nap’s Tomb (June 28, 1940)

27. Hero or a Tyrant? Code Napoleon –Equality for all/individual choices/religious freedoms Conquered many lands –Bigger empire Democratic despotism (dictatorship) –Vote counts BUT he maintained absolute power –Liberty destroyed Caused massive deaths of his soldiers –Cared only for his own gains