1. Basics of Genetics Part 1

2. Introduction Cells come from existing cells – the cell theory “Like produces like” – dogs produce pups not kittens But how??????? Heredity- transmission of traits from one generation to the next Genetics- the science of heredity usually dealing with the molecular basis

3. DNA Genetics: Study of heredity and DNA Discovered in the late 1800’s (not known as genetic material yet.) (Proteins) Limited by technology – Located inside nucleus of cell (also in mitochondria, chloroplast, virus and bacteria). – Purpose of DNA is to code for proteins. – Made up of a phosphate, sugar and nucleotide bases. – Arranged in a double helix (twisted ladder). Watson and Crick (1953)

4. II. DNA A. Structure Nucleotide Phosphate group + Sugar + Nitrogen base

5. DNA cont. Four nucleotide bases: – AdenineA always pairs w/ T – Thymine – GuanineG always pairs w/ C – CytosineComplimentary base pairs – 2-3 billion base pairs in DNA Chargraff’s ratio: #A = #T and #G = #C

6. Diagram of DNA

7. RNA Acts as an intermediary between DNA and protein. – Common in cytoplasm of the cell. – Transfers code from DNA to ribosome (where protein is made). – Made of phosphate, sugar and nucleotide bases. – Single stranded.

8. RNA cont. Four nucleotide bases: – AdenineA always pairs w/ U – Uracil (replaces thymine) – GuanineG always pairs w/ C – Cytosine

9. RNA cont. Three types of RNA – mRNA- (messenger) carries information from DNA to ribosome – tRNA- (transfer) carries amino acids to ribosome – rRNA- (ribosomal) assembles amino acids to make protein

10. 3 Important Processes Replication: DNA making copies of itself Transcription: DNA makes RNA Translation: Protein synthesis (making proteins)

11. Comparing DNA and RNA DNA – Deoxyribose (sugar) – Double stranded – Thymine – Located in nucleus RNA – Ribose (sugar) – Single stranded – Uracil – Found in cytoplasm

16. 3.After amino acids have bonded, the tRNA leaves. -Continues until STOP codon -Protein synthesis is done -New protein is releasedNew protein is released

18. DNA code TGA ______________ _______________ mRNA codon _____________ UCU_______________ tRNA anticodon`_____________ _______________________________ Amino acid ____________ ______________ tryptophan

19. DNA code CAT ______________ _______________ mRNA codon _____________ GUU_______________ tRNA anticodon`_____________ _______________________________ Amino acid ____________ ______________ methionine

20. Sickle Cell Anemia